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Example research essay topic: Upton Sinclair Narrow Minded - 2,547 words

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... or allowing the other two men to escape and eventually be deported before they could be charged with any crime. This would have made the police out to be incompetent. How would the press react to what now was anarchism against our justice system?

If none of the perpetrators were brought to justice then capitalism and the police look bad. It would look as if the police and the immigration officers were not on the same page. That would send a message to other anarchists that they could get away with almost anything, and that may have started the revolution that Sacco and Vanzetti were striving for. That would have been a dangerous precedent, and anarchists looking to make more of a shocking impact on capitalism would probably not stop at robbing a shoe factory.

That is the most ironic part of this trial, the fact that getting acquitted may have given them more influence on the movement than dying for it did. Sacco and Vanzetti free and leading the anarchist movement with their newfound fame and influence may have prompted many people to attempt terrorist acts, or just to even jump on the anarchism bandwagon. Anarchism gained so much positive publicity during the trials and many influential people, such as Upton Sinclair, rose up to champion the fight for Sacco and Vanzetti. If that movement succeeded in freeing Sacco or Vanzetti then it may have developed into a serious threat.

More so if only one of them got aquatinted. This would have provided anarchy with one martyr and a new leader who is ready to corral the people that got behind him in jail. And that theory may have proved too dangerous to the police or even the government. That may have been enough to prompt the government to set up the trial with a judge whom they knew to be a hater of reds. How would the court system not know of Judge Thayers extreme hatred of reds? Normally when a judge makes public comments to the press about how he is going to convict someone there is some sort of intervention.

Conspiracy is too strong of a word to describe what happened to Sacco and Vanzetti. But during reassert for this paper its is a word that was used over-zealously. Many of the anarchists and sympathizers felt that there was a conspiracy. This was not the case. The government may have allowed a crazed bigot to be the judge for this trial simply to allow him to take the blame for the trial being a farce. The government did not want Sacco or Vanzetti to be free men after they gained such attention, but to suggest a conspiracy is to step to the extreme.

The Government did not realize the magnitude of this case until it had received so much publicity. There was almost no way that the government could have had any idea that a shoe payroll robbery would result in world wide support for the two defendants, and create tension in their own cities. But there is no doubt that the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti was a terrible mockery of the United States justice system. That is why it will haunt America and forever remind its people that capitalism, and the courts are not immune to prejudice and narrow minded people. It dose not really matter how terribly the case of Sacco and Vanzetti was handled, because the only people who have ever heard of it are anarchists, historians, layers and relatives of the people involved. One of the darkest moments in our nation's history has been shrouded in mystery and left out of the minds of most of the people in this nation.

It leads one to wonder just what other great tragedies and fallacies of this country have produced in the past, just to let there stores be forgotten and buried into obscured library books. Of the sources used in this paper none helped develop the ideas expressed more than the writings of Felix Frankfurter. The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti in The Atlantic Monthly originally published in 1927, was one of the most helpful and easiest reads of the primary sources. It provided a great deal of information about the mood of America during the time of the trials. He also stated in brief and interesting form about the details of the trial. He did not express much background about the two men but he was extremely informative.

His book The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti, A Critical Analysis for Layers and Laypersons from 1927 was also extremely helpful. He used much of the same material as he had in the article, but he also developed the testimony more. Felix also helped the research along by giving info about the forensics of the case. For example he helped his readers to understand about the ballistics expert witness, and his findings. Other primary sources included article by Upton Sinclair the Fishpeddler and the Shoemaker. In the Institute of social studies bulletin 2 from 1953.

Holton James wrote New Light Coming on the Sacco and Vanzetti Case. For Unity on august 15 1932. James Oneal and G. A. Werner wrote American Communism: A Critical Analysis of its Origins, Development and Programs.

Originally printed in 1927, this book helped me to understand the narrow-minded opinions of the public feelings about communism and anarchy. The book made shaky arguments based on little factual information. William Young and David E. Kaiser wrote my best secondary source. They wrote Postmortem: New Evidence in the Case of Sacco and Vanzetti.

This source was the best collaboration of factual information out of any of the sources I had researched. William Young died during the writing of this book. Before he died Mr. Young handed the information over to his friend Mr. Kaiser.

Due to the fact that this book has two authors it tends to reflect two distinct conclusions and personalities in the writing. Mr. Youngs writings revolved around ten years of intense research, while Mr. Kaisers writing is more of removed impartial viewpoint. The majority of questioning revolves around Bullet III.

Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991. Mr.

Avrich while articulate, tries to hard to paint Sacco and Vanzetti as unheralded martyrs. He shows how they grew up and lived their lives before their arrest in an attempt to generate sympathy. Mr. Avrich is more concerned with the effect Sacco and Vanzetti had on future anarchists than proving them innocent. All but two of the secondary sources provided little insight. This occurred only because the manner which information was presented in these books.

Richard Suskind wrote By Bullet, Bomb, and Dagger: the Story of Anarchism. It was published in 1952 during the height of the second red scare. The whole book reads as anti-anarchy propaganda. Mr. Suskind states that Sacco and Vanzetti were victims of an Idea. David Felix wrote Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals.

Apparently Mr. Felix believes that many figures in American History were zealots. With this book He tries to dispel the mystery of the Sacco and Vanzetti legend with proposing the fact that tolerance is the best option. Much of the book was written rather as to ensnare the average person. The book is not written as if it were history, it is written as if it was a police crime story. Herbert Ehrmann wrote The Case That Will Not Die: Commonwealth vs.

Sacco and Vanzetti. This book was not original by any means. All the ideas expressed in this book had been expressed before. Maps, five volumes of the record of the trial, along with several personal interviews help to prove this point. Mr.

Ehrmann's main point is that Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent not only based on the evidence but based on their morals and beliefs. Discontented America: The United States in the 1920 s was written by David Goldberg. This book had a great amount of detail on the prejudice and miss-information regarding anarchy and communism. The Progressive Anarchist by Lawrence Morley explores the various different aspects of anarchy. Much of the book appears to be a revolt of some sort. Mr.

Morley appears to have been wronged by society and now feels that he needs to lash out. In his doing so he provided an excellent background into the world of anarchy. The other secondary sources used in this paper were, Lynn Druminels The Modern Temple: American Culture and society in the 1920 s, James Davidson and Mark Lytles After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection, Joseph Kadanes A Probabilistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evidence, and Francis Busch's Prisoners at the Bar: An Account of the trials of, the William Haywood Case, the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, the Loeb-Leopold case, the Bruno Hauptmann Case. During the hard hours of research done on this paper it became evident that the whole process of the numerous trials were unfair. This was due to the fact that anyone who played any kind of part in this drama was extremely prejudges towards anarchists or reds in general. Many of those peoples ideas about anarchy were limited at best.

Most of the important players believed that anarchy was a more evil form of communism. Even the so-called educated people involved in this farce did not know exactly what anarchy was, but they still hated it. Hatred with out knowledge can be a terrible thing. At times it can corrupt what an entire nation stands for. Bibliography: How and why did popular feelings towards anarchy lead to the ultimate demise of Sacco and Vanzetti? Frankfurter, Felix.

The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. The Atlantic Monthly. 1927. Writen and copywriter in 1927 for Atlantic Monthly this flashback reprinting on the official Atlantic Monthly web page did a fantastic job of capturing the mood of America shortly before the conclusion of the case. It survey to inform about the outcry of public emotion to set Sacco and Vanzetti free. It also used a great amount of case evidence that Mr. Frankfurter feels should have set them free.

Oneal, James and G. A. Werner. American Communism: A Critical Analysis of its Origins, Development and Programs. New York: E. P.

Dutton & Co. , Inc, 1947. This reprint of the original 1927 version attempted to lump together a great deal of political and social groups into one big bad communistic category. Though it only mentions Sacco and Vanzetti briefly it allows for a feeling on how narrow minded the views of anarchy were during the time of the trial. Much of the book makes shaky arguments based on little factual information. Suskind, Richard. By Bullet, Bomb, and Dagger: the Story of Anarchist.

New York: Macmillan Company, 1952. This whole book reads as anti-anarchy propaganda. Mr. Suskind states that Sacco and Vanzetti were victims of an Idea. He also attempts to remove all creditability from Sacco and Vanzetti. Felix, David.

Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals. Indiana University Press, 1965. Mr. Felix belive's that many figures in American History were zealots. He tries to dispel the mystery of the Sacco and Vanzetti legend with proposing the fact that tolerance is the best option. Much of the book was written rather as to ensnare the average person.

The book is not written as if it were history, it is written as if it was a police crime story. Young, William and David E. Kaiser. Postmortem: New Evidence in the Case of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Ahmerst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985. William Young died during the writing of this book. Before he died Mr. Young handed the information over to his friend Mr. Kaiser. Due to the fact that this book has two authors it tends to reflect two distinct conclusions and personality's in the writing.

Mr. Youngs writings revolved around ten years of intense research, while Mr. Kaisers writing is more of removed impartial viewpoint. The majority of questioning revolves around Bullet III. Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background.

New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991. Mr. Avrich while articulate, trys to hard to paint Sacco and Vanzetti as unheralded martyrs. He shows how the grew up and lived their lives before their arrest in an attempt to generate sympathy. Mr. Avrich is more concerned with the effect Sacco and Vanzetti had on future anarchists than proving them innocent.

Ehrmann, Herbert B. The Case That Will Not Die: Commonwealth Vs. Sacco and Vanzetti. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. Mr. Ehrmann makes a rather convincing case based on hard facts and various interpretations of those facts.

Maps, five volumes of the record of the trial, along with several personal interviews help to prove his point. His main point is that Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent not only based on the evidence but based on their morals and beliefs. Goldberg, David J. Discontented America: The United States in the 1920 s. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1999. A great amount of this book was dedicated to world war one and the effects on the home front.

It contributed a great amount of detail towards the feelings of every day Americans during the years of the Sacco and Vanzetti trials. A great amount of detail on the prejudice and miss-information regarding anarchy and communism. Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temple: American Culture and society in the 1920 s.

New York: Hill and Was, 1995. The majority of this book was devoted to the family culture and American popular feelings. It described every day life in greater detail than the great events of the 1920 s. Ms. Dumenil expresses a slight bitter tone in her writting's.

Davidson, James West and Mark Hamilton Lytle. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1992. This book paints a rather vague picture of the entire event. It tells the whole story with out going into a terrible amount of detail. Much of the information provided is well founded.

Morley, Lawrence. The Progressive Anarchist. Yorkshire, England: One Publications, 1971. This book explores the various different aspects of anarchy.

Much of the book appears to be a revolt of some sort. Mr. Morley appears to have been wronged by society and now feels that he needs to lash out. In his doing so he provided an excellent background into the world of anarchy. Kadane, Joseph b. A Probabilistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evidence.

John Wiley and Sons, 1996. This book was involved in a series of probability and statistic books that over analize the various aspects of the statistical information involved in the case involved. The book it self was not very informative as far as background information goes. Much of the information involved had nothing to due with the anarchist aspect of the case. Busch, Francis X. Prisoners at the Bar: An Account of the trials of, the William Haywood Case, the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, the Loeb-Leopold case, the Bruno Hauptmann Case.

William S. Hein & Co, 1998. Mr. Busch spent so much time reviewing all of these cases that his book was rather segregated. His ideas about all the men involved in the Sacco and Vanzetti case were put together with to little info used to back it up. Word count 942


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