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Example research essay topic: Chinese Exclusion Act Passed By Congress - 998 words

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Hardship of Chinese Immigrants After the Civil War, immigrants again began to stream to the United States. Between 1870 and 1900, nearly 12 million immigrants arrived - more foreign-born people than had come to the country in the preceding 70 years. During the 1870 s and 1880 s, the majority came from Germany, Ireland, and England - the principal source of immigration before the Civil War. Chinese immigration to America was influenced by both the "pull" of California's Gold Rush and the "push" created by China's impoverished conditions. The first large number of Chinese arriving in America in the mid- 1850 s, like many other immigrants to the new land, found no "gold mountain" from which instant wealth could be attained.

In actuality, the first Chinese immigrants were well and widely received by the Americans. However, the first Chinese immigrants were wealthy, successful merchants, along with skilled artisans, fishermen, and hotel and restaurant owners. For the first few years they were greatly receipted by the public, government officials, and especially by employers, for they were renowned for their hard work and dependability. However, America's expansion to the West and the economic boom of the Gold Rush era did provide particular employment possibilities for the Chinese.

They quickly became an inexpensive but formidable work force for the construction of the western portion of the transcontinental rail system. They also played an important role in the development of the agricultural, fishing, and even manufacturing industries of the Western States. While the majority of immigrants came to settle in the United States permanently, many worked for a time and returned home with whatever savings they had set aside from their work. The majority of Chinese immigrants, for example, were single men who worked for a while and returned home.

At first, they were attracted to North America by the gold rush in California. Many prospected for gold on their own or laboured for other miners. Soon, many opened their own businesses such as restaurants, laundries, and other personal service concerns. After the gold rush, Chinese immigrants worked as agricultural labourers, on railroad construction crews throughout the West, and in low-paying industrial jobs. With the onset of hard economic times in the 1870 s, other immigrants and European Americans began to compete for the jobs traditionally reserved for the Chinese. With economic competition came dislike and even racial suspicion and hatred.

Such feelings were accompanied by anti-Chinese riots and pressure, especially in California, for the exclusion of Chinese immigrants from the United States. However, the Chinese community in America did not tolerate discrimination and abuse without protest. They organized and raised funds to hire expert legal representation to challenge the system in local, state, and Supreme Courts. The result of this pressure was the Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882.

This Act virtually ended Chinese immigration for nearly a century. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a turning point in American history. The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally passed by Congress in 1880, and signed into law by President Arthur on May 5, 1882. It suspended the immigration of Chinese labourers for ten years. In 1892, and again in 1902, it was extended for additional ten-year periods each. In 1904, the act was amended to run perpetually.

For the first time in American history, immigration into the United States was denied on the basis of race and class. Chinese now joined the ranks of imbeciles, paupers, prostitutes, and felons as official "undesirables. " The Act barred all Chinese from U. S. citizenship by naturalization, and specifically excluded Chinese labourers and their families from entering the United States. It opened the door to subsequent racially biased restrictions and outright exclusion of other immigrant groups. Specifically, the Chinese allowed into the United States were travellers, merchants, diplomats (including their families and servants), students, and teachers.

Numerous amendments later attempted to clarify certain provisions, close loopholes, and strengthen the overall restrictions introduced by the Act. It was not until 1943, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt was motivated by China's war efforts against Japan in World War II, that the Chinese Exclusion Act was finally repealed. In statements made at that time, the repeal was in recognition of those fighting valiantly in China, and clearly an attempt to diminish propaganda efforts on the part of Japan that painted America as racist. However, as a result of strict quotas instituted under the National Origins Act of 1924, immigration was still severely restricted for the Chinese. Though primarily passed to limit immigration from eastern and southern Europe, and Russia, immigration quotas were now tied to a very small percentage based on U.

S. Census figures of how many people from a certain country were living in the United States in 1890. This translated to only 105 Chinese a year being permitted to enter the United States. A later amendment to the law defined this restriction further by applying to those who were by blood 50 % or more Chinese from anywhere in the world (versus just one country). Later provisions permitted alien Chinese wives and minor children of domiciled alien merchants to enter outside of these harsh quotas.

There was also the War Brides Act, which permitted Chinese (among others) serving in the U. S. armed forces to bring their wives. However, the real key to reversing immigration restrictions and allowing for meaningful family reunification did not occur until the Kennedy and Johnson administrations finally abolished ethnic quotas with the 1965 Immigration Act. A painful and epic period in U. S.

history finally came to an end. Is this Chinese immigration desirable? I think not; and, contrary to the expressed opinions of many of the public prints throughout the country, contend that it ought not to be encouraged. It is not desirable, because it is not useful; or, if useful at all, it is so only to them -- not to us. Sources: 1.

web 2. web 3. The Orientals in California; William C. Pond


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Research essay sample on Chinese Exclusion Act Passed By Congress

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