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Recycling Programs Each of us throws out huge quantity of waste. On the average person throws out more than 360 kg of household waste products annually. And it is only waste products of the individual consumer. This average doesnt include building and industrial wastes. It is necessary to say that we throw out junk in organized way (in garbage cans, urns, etc. ) and in unorganized way (anywhere).
If all junk which has been thrown out for a year by inhabitants of New York allocate by an equal layer on the surface of the city, thickness of this layer will be near 10 centimeters. It should be utilized somehow, or put somewhere in order not sink in mountains of waste and to not poison with products of its decomposition. (Grove, N. ) Recycling of waste is one of the major problems of a modern civilization. It is especially hard to utilize waste that was thrown out in unorganized way. The mankind has invented only three different ways of recycling of waste. They are: the organization of dumps, secondary use of waste products and burning of waste products. However it is impossible to consider any of them absolutely comprehensible.
Secondary use of waste products is the most effective way of saving of recourses, but is not always profitable both in economic, and in the ecological plan. There are some problems connected with this. The most important among them is that the waste is essentially non-standard raw material. That means that each new set of the junk which has arrived for processing, will appreciable differ from previous by a lot of parameters. Therefore the junk cannot be used as raw material for manufacture of high-quality production. Thus, the idea of secondary use of household waste seems so attractive, at first sight, almost nobody find way of an embodiment of this idea till now.
Exception is made for food and vegetative waste products on garden sites and in rural houses which punch, receiving useful fertilizer. Therefore the waste should be taken out on dumps, or burned. Export of junk on a dump is the cheapest, but at the same time a deadlock way of its recycling. It is a deadlock way first of all because waste remains waste. Dumps around of cities occupy the huge areas.
The poisonous substances appearing on dumps will penetrate into underground waters which are frequently used as sources of potable water, carries by winds on applied areas and by that damage an environment. Besides as a result of processes of rotting without access of air is forming of various gases which also do not freshen an atmosphere around. Some products of rotting are predisposed to spontaneous ignition. Therefore there are fires on dumps at which soot and other poisonous substances are thrown out into an atmosphere. So, waste dump on a surface of the ground or burry. It is unknown what is worse, as, on the one hand, the buried waste does not give a dust scattering around of a dump, and not so spoils a landscape, but on the other hand it is closer to subsoil waters.
Besides burring of junk is quite expensive process. It is effective when it is necessary to neutralize a small amount of waste. Nevertheless, dumps of junk can appear useful. Building waste backfill ravines, holes, etc. As the major part of building waste has similar structure with natural stones, it does not render the big damage to the nature. (Pearce, D. ) However it is necessary to notice that projects of regenerating dumps are already carried out. First of all, necessary preparations are made at such dumps to not allow penetration of waters from a dump in underground water systems.
The second thing is that they are ventilated to avoid formation of combustible and poisonous gases. To exempt the huge areas occupied with dumps, an idea of burning of waste emerged. Burning of waste should turn it to gaseous products which would vanish in air. However the validity differs from idea.
First of all, not all waste burns. In particular, the iron contained, for example, in broken household devices. Many combustible waste products at combustion give ashes which weight can be only some percent of weight of initial waste. Therefore it is necessary to take out on dumps slag which remain after combustion. The second thing is that the junk contains a lot of moisture and incombustible materials. Incomplete combustion of junk results in emission of huge amount of soot and harmful organic connections.
All the results mentioned above show, that recycling of waste is difficult and unsafe business. Therefore it is meaningful to reduce quantity of waste per capita somehow alongside with development of methods of its recycling. Unfortunately, nowadays the return tendency is observed. This amount grows, first of all, due to packing of products and various disposable subjects. Change of this tendency is the important task which, unfortunately, exist all over the world Bibliography: Bromley, D. 1995.
The Handbook of Environmental Economics. Blackwell Publishers. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Grove, N. 1994. Recycling. National Geographic Magazine.
July: 92 - 115. Pearce, D. and R. K. Turner. 1990. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment.
Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
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