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Example research essay topic: Human Rights Thomas Hobbes - 899 words

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Triumph of Humanity. The question of human rights is as old as the society itself. The best philosophers and thinkers of the humanity have been trying to define the criteria of human rights. Thomas Hobbes worked out the theory of the human rights transfer from the individual to the sovereign, government. According to Hobbes these rights should not contradict to the laws of the Nature, . man can transferred his Right to save himself from Death, Wounds, and Imprisonment 1.

One of the brilliant scientists and writers Costas Douzinas tries to explores the nature of human rights, their paradoxes and promises. He explores the efficacy of human rights. In Chapter 6 The Triumph of Humanity: From 1789 to 1989 and from Natural to Human Rights Costas Douzinas studies the relations between the essence of the human rights and the states ideology, the violations of human rights during the modern war conflicts (Rwanda, Kosovo). The history of the mankind shows that the idea of the natural rights domination worked out by Hobbes was completely neglected by the rebels who achieved the victory. After their triumph they become oppressive in the same measure and maybe more than their rulers. The author gives the summary of the most influential theories of human rights.

According to him the described historic period was the period of empire building characterized by utilitarianism and social engineering, the time of emergence of nationalism 2. A. V. Dicey in his studies removed naturalistic fallacies and proclaimed the absolute primacy of the state law. The idea of society had been developed and the individual was defined by the scholars not in opposition to the society as it had been before but as the society's product 3. The author describes the new morality of those times as a morality of social groups, classes, parties and nations.

The natural rights became the ideological illusions 4. In Part II the author examines the international human rights. After the WWII the international human rights entered the world scene 5. The historic changes on the world political map caused the diversification of the rights from negative associated with liberalism into the second generation of rights associated with the decolonization processes 6.

At the same time people still support regimes which are supposed to violate the human rights despite the lessons of the history. It is observed in the course of history from the French revolution to Serbia 7. The author studies the problem of the human rights codification. Formerly the human rights were regulated by the national laws. The principle of the universality of the human rights was not protected legally. The modern history shows that the processes of the universality of the human rights take place.

Universal laws are antagonistic to nationalism and show the emerging new order 8. The human rights may become the instrument of the state hypocrisy. During the cold war the human rights became the ideological weapon 9. Different countries indicate different attitude towards the universality of the human rights. Saudi Arabia abstained from the final vote the UNs Declaration of Human Rights in the General Assembly. South Africa voted against it 10.

Sometimes the declarations of the human rights violations are used against market penetration. The conclusion may be done that the sovereign (state, according to Hobbes) having been forced to accept the universality of the legislation in the human rights matter tries to use it to achieve own objectives, i. e. objectives of those who are behind the government. The author studies the relations between the human rights and the war. During the war people protect the human rights and not the government or the nation 11.

At the same time there is a contradiction to the humans nature. The state of war is unnatural for the human being according to Hobbes 12. While the sovereign (government) sends the human being to war it violates his basic right derived from the Nature, the right to defend his life. The author studies the modern conflicts like Rwanda and Kosovo.

There was the contradiction of the universal human rights to the nationalism. The Serbs massacred in the name of a community. At the same time it was the violation of the universal human rights 13. The military conflicts are completely against the human being nature. At the same time the universality of the human rights presupposes the use of force to protect these rights.

This is coming into contradiction with the Hobbes theory according to which the government is responsible for the mans safety 14. Thus we transfer certain rights given to us by Nature to government to enable it to execute its duty to protect us. At the same time the universality of the human rights allows government to send people to war thus violating their rights given by Nature. Bibliography: Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, available at web Douzinas, Costas. The End of Human Rights (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000). Citation Thomas Hobbes Douzinas, Costas, Ch 6, part Part I The Decline of Natural Rights.

Ibid Ibid Douzinas, Costas, Ch 6, part Part II The Irresistible Rise and Resistible Weakness of International Human Rights. Ibid Ibid Ibid Douzinas, Costas, Ch 6, part Part III Human Rights And State Hypocrisy Ibid Douzinas, Costas, Ch 6, Part IV Human Rights And the Use of Force Leviathan Douzinas, Costas, Ch 6, Part IV Human Rights And the Use of Force Thomas Hobbes


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Research essay sample on Human Rights Thomas Hobbes

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