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Traceability is one of the most important elements in Metrology Metrology is a science about measurements, methods and means of traceability maintenance and ways of achievement of the required accuracy. There is no area of persons practical activities where it would be possible to do without the quantitative estimations received as a result of measurements. When the person is just born, he has no name yet, but we know his growth, weight, temperature during first minutes of life he is necessary to face with a ruler, weights, and thermometer. Every morning, leaving a house, we estimate the temperature of air in the street to dress properly. During the day we periodically look at the watch. Standing near the pool and deciding either to jump or bypass, we commensurate length of a pool and our opportunities.
It is a measurement that means finding of a ratio between measured (the length of a pool) and "unit" (possible length of a jump). The modern metrology as scientific discipline went through the stage of an infancy, when it was engaged in the description of native and foreign units of measure, a stage of youth when it was called a science about the measurements resulted in standards. The it matured and became the section of powerful physics, seized mathematical methods also has headed instrument making which provides us with measurement instrumentation by means of the objective estimation of world around. Metrology is sharp necessity of our time, the opportunity of establishment of physical outlook fundamental bases depends and well-being of working people depends on it. Now scientists distinguish the theoretical metrology examining general theoretical problems of measurements, historical metrology, legislative metrology covering complexes of the interconnected general rules, requirements and norms, and other questions requiring regulation and the control of state, and, at last, the applied metrology engaged in questions of practical application of methods and measurement instrumentation. The metrology gets the increasing value in manufacturing efficiency, technological level and quality of production rising.
Therefore the most steadfast attention should be paid to the questions about the development of metrology, perfection of meteorological services activity by the heads of the industrial enterprises, scientifically industrial associations and scientifically research institutes. The decision of meteorological maintenance questions gives the greatest effect and demands the least expenses when it is carried out on initial stages of production creation, development of technological processes and organizations of manufacture. Traceability refers to the completeness of the information about every step in a process chain. As it was already mentioned above, metrology is a science about, methods and means of traceability maintenance. The term traceability presents in the definition of the metrology, so it is one of the most important elements in metrology and plays very important role. Traceability is the condition of measuring process when the results of all the measurements are expressed in the same legalized units of measurements and the estimation of their accuracy is provided with guaranteed confidential probability.
The unity of measurements is necessary to compare results of the measurements executed in different places, in different time, with the use of different methods and measurement instrumentation. To know the error with the specified probability is completely not enough to judge the traceability. It is important, that these errors do not exceed the established limits, only under these conditions it is possible to achieve the uniformity of the measurements which are carried out in different places. Nevertheless a basis of uniformity of measurements is application of units with identical size. Definition of concept "traceability is rather extensive.
It covers the major problems of metrology: unification of units, system engineering of reproduction of units and transfer of their sizes to working measurements instruments with the established accuracy, realization of measurements with a margin error, not exceeding the established limits etc. Unity of measurements should be maintained at any accuracy of measurements necessary for the national economy. Measurement instrument is the technical device intended for measurements. The standard of unit is the instrument of measurements intended for reproduction and storage of unit (multiple or partite values of unit) with the purpose of transfer of its size to other instruments of measurements of the given size. The state standard of unit is the standard, recognized as the decision of the authorized state authority.
Normative documents on maintenance of traceability are state standards, international standards used in due order, rules, positions, instructions and recommendations. Metrological service is a set of subjects of activity and kinds of the works directed on maintenance of traceability. The meteorological control and supervision is the activity which is carried out by the authority of the state meteorological service (the state meteorological control and supervision) or meteorological service of the legal person with a view of check of established meteorological rules and norms observance. Checking measurement instruments is the set of the operations which are carried out by the authorities of the state meteorological service (other authorized bodies or organizations) with the purpose of definition and acknowledgement of measurements instruments conformity to the established technical requirements. Accuracy of measurements is characterized by closeness of their results to the true measured value. The solution of the major scientific and technical problems, including problems of maintenance of quality of production, substantially depends on achievement of uniformity and reliability of measurements (traceability).
In rather simple methods of measurements used until recently the error of results of measurements was almost completely determined by the errors of measurement instrumentation. Therefore for the achievement of unity of measurements it was enough to provide the uniformity of measurement instrumentation, i. e. such condition of measurement instrumentation when they calibrated in the legalized units of measure, and their meteorological properties correspond to the norms. There are several main principles of maintenance of measurements uniformity: Usage of only legalized measurement units; Measurement unit reproduction with the help of the state standards; Application of the legalized measurement instrumentation which have passed the state tests and to which the sizes of measurement unit by the state standards are given; The obligatory periodic control of the used measurement instrumentation characteristics within the established time intervals; Guarantee of necessary accuracy of measurements maintenance at the use of confident measurement instrumentation and the certificated techniques of measurements performance; Usage of the measurements results only under the condition of their error estimation with the specified probability; The regular control of the observance of meteorological rules and norms, the state supervision and the departmental control of measurement instrumentation. Necessary scientific, technical and organizational bases are created in order to help the realization of these principles.
Traceability only presents when meteorological indication, proper for the appliance, is composed to confirm the traceability sequence and measure its related measurement doubts. The values of standards, their doubts, and the adjustments and uncertainties of related measurement structure may have time-dependent constituents. Confirmation must consequently be collected at proper intervals and used on a enduring basis to take away measurement divergences and re-determine the connected doubts. Usually, the final orientation for a measurement end result is the SI explanation of the appropriate unit. Nevertheless, the given orientation is usually a state laboratory that cares for the realization of the unit. This is a proper and handy way of defining traceability and reflecting the standard sequence of measurement assessments (calibrations) that presents in a country.
Some quantities, such as refractive index, relative permeability, reflectance, etc. are determined as the ratio of two equal quantities. These non-dimensional quantities are marked as numbers. However, the phrase "traceable to the national laboratory" can be used if there is an appropriately recognized sequence of comparisons to analogous measurements at the state laboratory. For the quantities which are not well-determined physical quantities, there are no SI units and traceability applies to "compromise standards" which are objects and / or procedures that are used as de facto standards by public agreement. Again, an appropriate sequence of comparisons can validate the application of the term "traceable to the national laboratory." In measurements of quantity of substance, traceability to the SI unit (the mole) cannot be practically reached through the assessment of physical object because of the great number of matters which would have to be separately compared.
Instead the Consultative Committee on the Quantity of Matter (CCQM) decided that traceability to the SI can be fixed by making measurements using a principal method, properly used and with estimated uncertainties. A principal system of measurement is a scheme that has the maximum meteorological quality, whose function can be wholly explained and understood, for which a complete doubt report can be written down in terms of SI units, and whose results are consequently established without reference to a standard of the measured quantity. Now it is clear that traceability is one of the most important elements in metrology, its ground and essence. Studying of the term traceability helps to certain that the major task of metrology is improvement of standards, development of new methods of exact measurements, maintenance of unity and necessary accuracy of measurements. Bibliography 1. Asia, Samuel.
Software Maintenance: An Approach to Impact Analysis of Objects Change, Software-Practice and Experience, vol. 25 (10), 1155 - 1181, October, 1995. 2. Ian Alexander. Towards automatic traceability in industrial practice, (Refereed) paper for the First International Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering, Edinburgh, 2002. 3. Cox, Lisa, Harry S.
Delugach, and David Skipper. Dependency Analysis Using Conceptual Graphs, Suppl. Proc. 9 th Intl. Conf. on Conceptual Structures, July 30 - Aug 4, 2001, Palo Alto, CA, U. S.
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Research essay sample on State Meteorological Service Important Elements In Metrology Measurements
