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Example research essay topic: Miles Per Hour World Health Organization - 1,951 words

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The struggle against infectious and parasitic diseases is growing in intensity. Discuss one such disease and its impact. Being considered as an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency, AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981 and gained immediate public attention as the most devastating health problem in contemporary history. There is still no efficient vaccine to prevent HIV infection, and thus AIDS therapy is mainly focused on improving the quality and length of life for AIDS patients. In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicated that one million persons in the United States are HIV-positive, and 223, 000 are living with AIDS (Moore, 19 - 20). Detailed statistical analysis revealed the patients structure, which consists of 44 percent of gay or bisexual men, 26 percent of intravenous drug users, and 18 percent are women.

However, this particular situation is applicable only towards developed countries, while the World Health Organization estimates 43 million adults and 7 million children are infected with HIV with extremely high concentration in the developing countries (Winiarski, 93). From the critical point of view, containing over 7 million people already infected, Asian region is becoming another world epicenter of the AIDS pandemic (see map 1). Official estimates put the number at around 4. 5 million cases in India and at around 850, 000 in China (Moore, 28). Asian leaders in government and business should pay heed to the lessons from South Africa.

At a symposium in New Delhi organized by the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Asia Society and the Confederation of Indian Industry, Brian Brink gave a dramatic warning: Do not make the same mistakes in India we made in South Africa - we saw this coming but the first reaction of business was that it was not our problem, that it was not threatening us now, that wed let the government sort it out (Bayer, 33). Conscious of the mounting crisis, the World Health Organization and UNAIDS have launched their 3 by 5 initiative with the goal of treating 3 million people living with HIV/AIDS by the end of 2005. However, even if 3 by 5 is achieved, it will not stop the spread of AIDS, only slow it down, unless HIV testing is vastly increased. This is the flaw in current international policies and programs. The United Nations estimates that 95 % of those who are infected do not aware of their status (Timberlake, 116). Since someone who is infected carries the virus for seven to 10 years before symptoms become apparent, these people unwittingly infect others along the way, and often pass the disease along to their children.

This is why widespread testing, which is now available in quick, reliable and cheap new forms, such as a newly approved saliva test, constitutes an essential, if usually neglected, part of the effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS (aegis. com). Being considered as additional benefit, testing tells people who are not infected, and they still constitute the vast majority, that if they take the initiative to protect themselves with safe sex or needle practices they will remain uninfected (Timberlake, 121). The WHOs 3 by 5 initiative in developing countries of Asia and Africa is commendably ambitious, but achieving it will be a daunting task: 5, 000 people need to be brought onto treatment every day and kept on it. In order to reach this treatment target, it is estimated by experts that about 500, 000 people will need to be tested each day, assuming that about 50, 000 would test positive in high-prevalence countries and 10 % of those who test positive will require immediate access to treatment.

The 3 by 5 initiative will not succeed without a dramatic scaling up of testing and a clear signal from the public-health community that HIV testing is strongly encouraged. The goal is attainable only if government and business leaders aggressively invest in testing, prevention and treatment campaigns. AIDS is easily preventable, but prevention will only work if leaders, and not just governments but also business and religious leaders, have the courage to speak openly about the disease (Joathan, 71). The best news may be from Botswana, where President Festus More has begun to make AIDS testing normal practice, with people having to opt out if they do not wish to be tested, instead of having to ask for a test. As a result, testing has quadrupled in only a few months in this horribly infected nation. A panel of eight leading economists, including two Nobel Prize winners, recently said that the fight against HIV/AIDS is the most urgent issue facing the world.

AIDS has killed more than 22 million people, and 14, 000 more are infected every day. The economists of the Copenhagen Consensus were answering a seemingly simple question: if the world had an extra $ 50 billion to spend to improve the world, how should it be spent? They concluded that programs to fight HIV/AIDS would create extraordinarily high benefits and prevent almost 30 million new HIV infections by 2010 (Winiarski, 103). Bibliography Moore, Melinda K. , Forst, Martin L.

AIDS: Reaching Diverse Populations. Westport, Conn. , 1996 Winiarski, Mark G. HIV in the 21 st century. New York: New York University Press, 2003 Timberlake, Susan, Human Rights and HIV/AIDS: UNAIDS at the UN Commission on Rights. World Health, 9: 2001 Bayer, Ronald. Rethinking Aspects of AIDS Policy.

Social Science and Policies, 2001 Joathan M. Mann, AIDS and Discrimination, World Health, 1998 web ABI/INFORM map 1 source Discuss one geographical phenomenon ex. hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruption and show how this has affected human lives. Contemporary scientists consider a hurricane to be the most severe power of the weather the Earth has to endure.

Being associated with victims and devastating damages, hurricanes change social patterns of million people from the Eastern Coast to Far Asia. Scientists and meteorologists characterize a hurricane as a tropical low pressure area, which is formed when heat is released as large quantities of water vapor condense. Subsequently, it warms the air and reduces the air pressure near the surface of the ocean, causing air to flow rapidly inward. Infamous spiraling winds shape a vertical cylinder extending upward for several miles. From 1995 researchers have indicated multi-decadal periods of intense and more frequent hurricanes that impact the Atlantic region, in particular areas of Western and Eastern Caribbean, Bermuda, and Bahamas (map 2). Persistent upper atmospheric wind patterns and oceanographic phenomena, such as thermocline circulation and warm water temperatures, are primary cause for cycles of more frequent, intense hurricanes (Shah, 105).

Hurricanes are characterized by strong winds and pouring rain. Thunderstorms and waterspouts appear in the storms cloud system. All hurricanes contain an eye. The eye of a hurricane is a low pressure, calm area in the middle of the storm. The air in the eye is sinking and this causes there to be no rain in this area and little wind. This gives the impression that the storm has passed through.

It is not safe yet though. Within a few hours depending on the size of the hurricane the other side of the storm will sweep through an area with the same force as the front end. Around this eye is a ring of intense thunderstorms that whirl around the eye. This is called the eye wall. All hurricanes also have a storm surge. The storm surge often causes the most damage on things.

A storm surge is a dome of water that sweeps across the coast near a hurricanes landfall. One forms when the hurricane piles up along the shore and blows it inland (Carpenter, 31). A storm surge is most destructive during high tide. Because of this, the surge height is measured from the normal high tide mark.

To help minimize the death toll and property damage the National Hurricane Center tracks all known storms and tries to alert neighborhoods in danger of being hit. They use radar, sea-based recording devices, and geosynchronous weather satellites to detect these storms. If they feel an area is in danger they will issue a Hurricane Warning. A hurricane warning means that hurricane conditions are expected within the next twenty four hours. You may also be able to predict a hurricane by a few well-known signs.

First comes dull red sunsets, caused by a thin layer of clouds (Lehr, 47). The air may become hot and sticky. The wind dies down and the air pressure rises. As the storm moves closer the barometer will drop suddenly.

Rain clouds may rush forward from the horizon and the smell of rain is in the air. Scientists fly helicopters into the hurricanes to measure the velocity of the wind, the size and location, the pressures inside the storm and the thermal structure. The measurements allow scientist to learn more about them and maybe learn a better way to predict them. Hurricanes are classifies in many ways. They are measured to find their intensity. A hurricane is rated on a scale from one to five, one being the least severe, and getting more intense as the rating increases.

A class 1 hurricane has a maximum speed between 74 and 96 miles per hour, and has a minimum surface pressure greater than 980 millibars (Blumenstock, 29 - 31). It storm surge is three to five feet. A class five hurricane has a maximum speed of 156 miles per hour or greater, a minimum surface pressure of less the 920 and a storm surge of nineteen feet or over (Kohn, 25). In order to be able to keep a record of hurricanes scientists had to come up with a system to name them.

Before 1953 there was not any system in use to name hurricanes and can only be identified by its dates. Between 1953 and 1979 hurricanes were given female name. Starting in 1979 the National Weather Service began practicing the use of using male and female names. There were two sets of six lists created to name a hurricane. One list was to be used for Atlantic Hurricanes and the other list was for the Pacific. They were to be used for six years and then repeated.

Each name on the lists used a different letter and alternated between male and female names (Forrester, 9). If a particular hurricane was really exceptional then they might retire its name and replace it with a new name on the list. The letters Q, U, X, Y, and Z were not used on the list. Since 1954, forty names have been retired and replaced. Impact and consequences of hurricanes can hardly be measured. Many studies indicate that consequences include the economic, social, psychological and even demographic effects on the stricken individuals and communities (Friesema, 129).

Contemporary situation becomes even more important and threatening with the increased frequency of hurricanes coupled with population growth and economic development in particularly hazardous areas. Bibliography Friesema, H. P. , J. Caporaso, G.

Goldstein, R. Line berry, and R. McCleary. Aftermath: Communities after Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1993 Shah, B.

V. Is the Environment Becoming More Hazardous? A Global Survey, 1947 to 1998. Disasters, 1999 Carpenter, Clive. The Changing World of Weather. New York, NY: Facts on File, c 1991 Lehr, Paul E. , R.

Will Burnett, and Herbert S. Zim. Weather: Air Masses, Clouds, Rainfall, Storms, Weather Maps, Climate. NY: Golden Press, 1995 Blumenstock, D. The Ocean of Air. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1959 Kohn, Irving.

Meteorology for All: Facts About the Atmosphere, Air Travel, Weather Forecasting, Clouds, Winds, Storms. NY: Barnes & Noble, Inc. 1987 Forrester, Frank H. 1001 Questions Answered About the Weather. NY: Dodd, Mead, 1957 web - map 2 source


Free research essays on topics related to: stop the spread, storm surge, male and female, miles per hour, world health organization

Research essay sample on Miles Per Hour World Health Organization

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