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Example research essay topic: Paris And London Easy To Read - 2,139 words

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Autobiographies and conservation of identity George Orwell's book Down and Out in Paris and London is a unique autobiographical story. It contains not only real events but also devised facts. Why the author used them in his autobiographical work, if he could do that in that genre and what he wanted to showed by that we could find out after tracing the history of the autobiographical genre. Usually an autobiography is an independent description of human life. To this definition it is necessary to add one more component: it is free, unrestricted description. The autobiography is made on a clean sheet where there are no helps (columns, questions, etc. ).

Therefore the person, not being restricted by any regulators, describes his life independently. The autobiography as a genre begins to develop in late antiquity that is connected to the strengthening of interest to the separate person. Before the tradition, following the standard foundations, laws of the community, rules of life in the city played the determining role in life of people Existing norms were consecrated by traditions, it was supposed, that they were established by gods and it is blasphemously to oppose them. In such situation the separate person had few opportunities for self-expression, and the question about the description of own life practically did not arise.

Autobiographies in some way were preceded by solemn inscriptions of east kings narrating about their victories, however here there we cant say about the present biography. All similar texts followed strictly certain rules and told about the external events connected to that or other sovereign, but not about his internal life. Though the antique products affected building of the autobiography as a genre, but at the same time may be faster referred to memoirs. Memoirs is a genre close to the curriculum vitae, however, memoirist's give more attention to external events and people surrounding the author. In late Middle Ages the situation began to vary gradually.

In 10 - 13 centuries growth of cities resulted in big changes not only in economic and political, but also in spiritual life of Europe. The centers of culture and education became the monasteries not separated from the world, and the universities were situated in cities and, accordingly, were much stronger connected with the reality. Rationalism becomes one of the major features of medieval city culture. It is the outlook, considering intellect to be a basis of knowledge. Thus, value of the separate person with intellect and consequently, ability to reflection began to grow.

For Renaissance which replaced Middle Ages exclusive interest to the separate person is characteristic. The humanism, the Renaissance philosophical current placed the person in the centre of the world and refused representations about its sinfulness and negligibility, having passed to eulogy of the person for his intellect, beauty, force, possession of sciences and arts. Not casually in Renaissance in painting such genre, as a portrait (and a self-portrait), and lyrical poetry in literature develops. People of Renaissance in different spheres of culture aspired to express themselves as fully as it was possible. It is symbolical, that one of the Renaissance fathers Italian poet Francesco Petrarka (1304 - 1374) - promoted as well to the development of the autobiographical genre.

One of the brightest products created in autobiographical genre in epoch of high Renaissance is the book of the well-known Italian jeweler and sculptor Benvenuto Chellinis (1500 - 1571). His autobiography was not always authentic its author was declined to boasting and exaggerations, and it was not possible to trust all his statements. However, numerous boastful exaggerations didnt damage, rather, just promoted huge popularity of the book. Chellini's Individualism and adventurous character of a narration had the big influence on the development of an autobiographical genre. Other, more philosophical type of the autobiographical composition also was generated in the epoch of late Renaissance, first of all due to the book of French philosopher Michel Montaigne (1533 - 1592) Essays. Value of Essays in the development of autobiographical genre is huge.

The most important is that, Montaigne as against all previous founders of autobiography emphasized his commonness. He provided for the review ordinary life, deprived any shine. Thus, in world culture the idea that each person completely everything that is peculiar for all human, and, hence, his autobiography may be interesting to potential readers. All autobiographies created in the next centuries, may be conditionally divided into two types: first were following sample of Chellinis, i. e. underlining originality of their author, second are those whose authors in this or that way imitated Montaigne, sometimes sincerely, and sometimes archly declaring about the ordinary and ordinariness of the life, which in their opinion, should draw attention of readers.

Down and Out in Paris and London is an autobiographical work by George Orwell that was published in 1933. Being Orwell's first published book, it includes essays in which real events are expressed in a devised form. The author recounts that to compensate for the guilt he had about the situation under which the disenfranchised and oppressed peoples of the world present. Orwell made his mind up to live and work as one of them. Dressed as a tramp, he takes any job might be offered to a penniless outsider of Europe. In Paris he lives in a den and works as a plate washer.

The paper "How the Poor Die" illustrates situation at a charity hospital that was situated there. In London's East End, he dresses and lives like his neighbors, who are poor men. Dressed as a tramp, he travels throughout England with traveling workers and migrant employees. Living in a society with limited freedom of expression is not, in any case, enjoyable.

A Totalitarian society is a good example of such a society, because although it provides control for the people, it can deny them a great deal of freedom to express themselves. The fictional society in George Orwell's 1984 also stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in America is much more democratic.

It contrasts with Orwell's society of 1984 because communication, personal beliefs and the people's loyalty to the government are all determined by the individual. While reading the book one can understand that it is more like memoir than novel. So it is really autobiographical work. Orwell starts with an unknown storyteller telling everyday life in the poorer regions of Paris during the early 1900 s.

He illustrates the noise, the dust, the infection, and all else in colorful manner. The storyteller, an Englishman, is living in Paris and has not enough money to live. We go after him through different efforts to earn money, as well as work as a simple dishwasher in the city's hotels, and also in one indistinct restaurant. We learn all the hateful hidden details of these operations, and it's as much as necessary to make one's flesh crawl and make one to stay away from hotels and restaurants forever.

The second half of the book tells about the storytellers returning to his motherland, where he must think out how to live in London while expecting a stable job. Here we are shown the wanderer's way of life - vagrancy, beggary, and living in the cheapest (and unclean) housing available. But we also become familiar with some of the storytellers fellow vagrants, and learn about them. They are not all the despicable, lazy scrubs that the higher classes of the time would describe them as. Orwell includes in the book the short essay on the vagrant's troubles and ways in which they can be alleviated, as well as making the vagrant a helpful part of society.

Apparently Orwell's closing call-to-action is not completely applicable anymore, as the society conditions changed a bit over the last century, but the book is nonetheless attractive. At the beginning a reader may be a little surprised by the absence of a central plot, but then this it is easy to penetrate into the world Orwell showed here. His descriptions are so outstanding that you really feel as if you are sharing the storytellers experience. You can feel the strong heat of the restaurants kitchens, feel the feebleness and tiredness that comes with underfeeding, and smell the lubricate and the perspiration and the dust.

But notwithstanding all this facts the book is not discouraging. The storyteller never lapses into depression, and the reader feels the sense of hope. To be poor doesnt mean the end of everything; there is always a chance to change something. And the storyteller is even able to find humor in some of the really ridiculous situations he appears in. Any fan of Orwell's works will not be disappointed with this book. Or even if you " ve read nothing by Orwell and merely want a glimpse into the life of the poor and jobless at this point in history, this is the book for you.

And the fact that the narrator is anonymous (although the story is largely based on Orwell's life, the narrator is not, as some reviewers have claimed, Orwell himself) helps us imagine that he could be anyone, and that even we could be living this life. It's fairly short and easy to read, but opens up a whole world - one that is rarely contemplated in much detail - with its rich descriptions. Down and Out in Paris and London is in great part autobiographical and was written by Orwell as a deep political report about the need of useful governmental plan and the social breaks that jobless employees appeared in Europe's major cities. It is regrettably that a large part of this political proclamation was during the past 72 years.

As a result main present-day significance of Down and Out in Paris and London is historical, in particular to Orwell's development as a publicly conscious writer. However, there are still some facts that are interesting even now. First, people sill remains unaware of the troubles of its the unlucky members of the society and even when they try to help it is very unsuccessful because their concern and aid is hidden in their ignorance. Secondly, Orwell is looking for work for depauperated citizens not just because of requirement, but because businessmen are inherently insidious, because they are profitably rich.

Orwell writes, "Money has become the true test of virtue... A beggar, looked at realistically, is simply a business man, getting his living, like other business men, in the way that comes to hand. " Third, Orwell reaches an interesting paradox where he places much of the responsibility of the unemployed, transient worker on the social context that prevents him from re-establishing himself into society's graces, but indicates that some individuals can maintain their self-worth and identity as a functional member of society with his characterization of a hobo street painter Bozo. Orwell's purpose for writing was to express his feelings of how the governments would come to control everything and anything it wished to do. It is also possible that he wanted t tell of how mind control and torture techniques could be used to make an individual or an entire nation do what the government wanted. His writings, under the name of George Orwell, and particularly his two major novels, include themes warning readers of the threat present in the society, a world he saw as depressing and brutal through the filter of his unhappy childhood and two world wars. Despite their sometimes dark settings, his works are very easy to read, which has made him popular among those not usually comfortable with more intellectual fiction.

But his works really include serious themes and contain a exact focus, making them official pieces of literature and not just popular fiction. Orwell's manner in writing autobiographical story is unique and interesting. It contains the elements of Chellini's manner, but also something from Montaigne. It is remarkable and thoughtful to read, and is recommended not only to readers who are interested in the autobiographical importance of the novel or those who are interested in the conditions of poverty during the 1930 s Bibliography 1. Orwell, George. 1984.

New York: The New American Library Inc. , 1983. 2. Daley, Alan L. George Orwell, Writer and Critic of Society. Charlottesville: Samoa Press, 1981. 3. Green blast, Stephen J. "Orwell as Satirist. " George Orwell, A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed.

Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 103 - 118. 4. Kolakowski, Lesser. "Totalitarianism and the virtue of the Lie. " 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Our Century. Ed. Irving Howe.

New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 122 - 136. 5. Stanley, Peter and William Abrahams. Orwell: The Transformation. London: Gramala Publishing Limited, 1981.


Free research essays on topics related to: paris and london, totalitarian society, george orwell, middle ages, easy to read

Research essay sample on Paris And London Easy To Read

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