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Deadline: 17: 42 GMT, Dec 04, 2009 Title: essay / report Pages: 15 Academic level: Graduate view full instructions Upload additional documents for your paper (up to 5 Mb): Comte. fromAUGUSTCOMTE. &. Post, size 782. 74 Kb, uploaded 17: 03 GMT, Nov 14, 2009 Durkheim. RULES.
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Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 1. Principles and methods of Weber's historical sociology a. role of religion in rise of modem [Western] society classical civilization [ antiquity] feudalism ['Dark Middle Ages] b. Protestant Reformationandmodernity religious / theological background: traditional Christianity, Catholicism, asceticism secular / social background: Renaissance, humanism, early capitalism, absolutism 'totality of social conditions' - Reformation - Protestantism c.
goals and outcomes of Reformation in modern society religious-theological individual salvation restoration theocracy secular-societal social control democracy and freedom liberalism and individualism social progress, rationalism, secularization (humanism and optimism Enlightenment capitalism and wealth Weber predicted Calvinism as most militant form of Religion d. types of Protestantism and their role in modernity original and derived Protestantism ascetic and non-[pseudo] ascetic Protestantism radical and moderate Protestantism Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Puritanism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, Baptism, 2. Principles and methods of Weber's economic sociology of modem capitalism: specifics / a. features of spirit of modem capitalism spirit of capitalism and capitalist economy spirit of capitalism and economic traditionalism spirit of capitalism and rationalism b.
properties of Protestant theology and ethics dogma of predestination: harsh absolute transcendence and in-humanism asceticism: Protestant vs. monastic asceticism calling: mission work ethic: economic culture c. Protestants, non-Protestants and early capitalism from religious affiliation to social stratification: reasons Protestants were / are richer than Catholics historical economic factors: religious affiliation and inherited wealth / education minority status of non-Protestants religious factors: Catholic ascetic other-worldliness vs. Protestant materialism and secularization religious asceticism and capitalistic acquisition Protestant, Jews and early capitalism: trade vs. industrial, pariah vs. bourgeois capitalism d.
impact of contemporary capitalism (wealth) on Protestantism (religion) utilitarianism secularization 3. Principles and methods of Weber's comparative sociology of religion a. social origins and influences of religion in various societies religion in general and human societies great world religions and societies b. social origins of great religions Eastern religions Western religions Subtypes of Western religion c.
social influences of great religions adaptation to the world vs. mastery of the world rational political organization science, technology and arts modem capitalism cultural rationalism d. commonalities and differences between great religions salvation asceticism religious revolutions and wars theocracy dominant social strata -- -End Weber -- - End Simmel -- -- END MARX Ideology and Marx/Engels Communist Manifesto -- -End August Comte -- - It would be important to separate religion discussion on Tonnies into Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft types: Gemeimschaft; Religion / church Gesellschaft; science / scholarship faith / belief doctrine /theory / public opinion fellowship / union association -- -- end Tonnies End -- -Pareto Thorstein Veblen, The theory of the Leisure Class. Veblen survived the test of time because of his contribution on institutionalism (list other list other). Durkheim is typically considered institutionalism-thinking, acting, as instituted by collectivity I-elements and contributions: 1. Sociological institutionalism a.
characteristics of social institutions: 1899 is the time period when the Veblen wrote the book, defines institutions in terms of rules. Habits, traditions are settled, they are stable, almost constant (subject to variations), most complex phenomenon are institutions. Simultaneous discovery of social elements. macro-involved the whole society (invisible) not face to face-law, this is usually what sociologist say social structure they mean macro-social structure.
could be an economic system (price system) micro- Institutions, the most stable, long lasting form of the society, subject to developmental /evolutionary change. Veblen invented the term conventional wisdom. b. the second thing to know is the functions of institutions.
the basic premise is that institutions shapes society, they shape ethics, habits, ideology. Institutions shape us through a dominant type of spiritual attitude and aptitude. Institutions shape our actions by shaping behavior, provide society with norms. Institutions differ among societies (Weber/Durkheim really do not think there is such a thing a human nature) Veblen, acknowledges, human nature but the human material in society is shaped by institutions.
Institutions separate humans from non-humans. next influence of institutions is shaping our tastes and desires, fashion, luxury items, everyday items, known as the institutional formation of preferences. Institution shape preferences through cultural conditioning. This explains conspicuous consumption. Preferences for luxuries, fashion, are not preferences as a requirement of some biological need of humans. these preferences are influence by institutions, instructional influence through advertising, business enterprise, pricing systems.
Economic sociology Pecuniary accounting the basis for capitalism and capitalism is not a natural thing, it is not grown by nature. it has its own origin, genesis, growth, development. Capitalism is founded on institutional schemes e. g. markets, pricing, etc. Capitalism is the most modern type of political / government institution.
a case of institutional determination: the institution of the leisure class and the institutional framework of conspicuous consumption. 2. Evolutionary sociology Veblen's contribution on cultural evolution: There are evolutionary stages: Veblen redefines savagery as peaceful industry his basis was that this period was before institutions-similar to MARX underdeveloped / peaceful /small communal groups, predatory phase of culture, getting something by war, preying on others (barbarism) quasi peaceful is pecuniary culture (civilization). Human nature creates institutions evolve is the same way institutions evolve. so how much are we effected by institutions? Veblen is consistent in his position that institutions shape human nature. Important thing to note is the influence of culture, culture influence the economy (Marxism is one-dimensional) Veblen indicates the feedback of the culture into the economy.
Therefore, institution influences culture, culture influences society, therefore, there is a feedback in this particular effect of institutions. b. The character and effects of social institutions In Marx, the economy is the starting point, the economy influences In Veblen, the economy is influences 3. Other elements and contributions of Veblen, Different from: a-cyclical theorists the last stage does not repeat itself. b-permanent theorists Evolutionism is different from revolution (revolution is radical, non gradual) Veblen and Marx, share, productive force of society is technological determinism-industrial techniques. Technological revolution explains from Veblen, the demise of an old society and the birth of a new (ex: death of feudalism birth of capitalism) 3.
b. the root cause is private property is a differentiation of competing groups, they become classes, the wealthy, the leisure. What is social contagion? All groups emulate the rich and famous.
Even the lowest /poorest classes imitate the wealthy. 4. An application of Veblen's sociological institutionalism is the theory of the leisure class and conspicuous consumption. Institutional dimension is the forces of institutions to influence Phases, feudalism, then into pecuniary phase is in capitalism a. characteristics of the leisure class: industrial occupations versus honorable employments; the working and leisure class Priest hood and warriors were first leisure class Work was stigmatized; separate from nobles-leisure class member did not labor-work.
b. conspicuous consumption-obvious, public consumption will increase to the point that causes most of the economy is focused on filling the needs of conspicuous consumption. The leisure class becomes a model for the rest of society. Still the main part of the leisure class remains the capitalists class in terms of percentages.
Veblen predicted all this. END VEBLEN end Durkheim
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