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Political Economy Paradigm In 1615 there appeared in France a text closed by a certain Active De Mntchretien titled Trade de lennie Plitique. This seems t be the first time when the expression Ecnmie Plitique (Political Economy) is employed. At that time commercial exchanges between twn and country were increasingly supplemented by trade between nation states. That is why the interest f the first modern economists is centred n the rle f agriculture and n the way t manage trade. According t their scholarly interests and positions, the first economists were classified and assigned t tw different schl's: the Physicians, wh stressed the importance f agriculture as the real source f wealth; and the ther ne - the Mercantilists, wh considered wealth t result frm a favorable balance f trade. Being a socialist, Friedrich Engels characterized political economy as a natural result of the expansion of trade, and with its appearance elementary, unscientific huckstering was replaced by a developed system of licensed fraud, an entire science of enrichment.
Engels is clearly against the political economy paradigm and argues that the Industrial Revolution made workers worse off. To make his point more vivid, the author of The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 compares death-rates in the countryside and among workers. He finds that in cities like Manchester and Liverpool mortality from smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough was four times as high as in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high as in the countryside. Compared to the urban ecology paradigm, political economy is more conservative.
Urban ecology is the subfield of ecology which deals with the interaction of plants, animals and humans with each other and with their environment in urban or urbanizing settings. Political economy paradigm assumes that people can benefit solely from using their land resources for producing and selling products, whereas the urban ecology theory goes much further and tries to find ways of effective usage of plants and animals without causing any harmful circumstances. Bibliography: Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy by Frederick Engels; Written in October and November 1843; First published in the DeutschFranzosische Jahrbucher, 1844; ONLINE VERSION: Translated by Martin Milligan for the Collected Works. Wikipedia article, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, retrieved on Nov. 7, 2008; web Wikipedia article, Urban Ecology, retrieved on Nov. 7, 2008; web Wikipedia article, Political Economy, retrieved on Nov. 7, 2008; web
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Research essay sample on Political Economy Working Class