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African Americans and When in the Development f Programming Languages Past and Present Scheme started as an experiment in programming language design by challenging sme fundamental design assumptions. It emerged frm MIT in the mid- 1970 's. It is a dialect f the Lisp Programming Language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. The language was designed t have very few, regular constructs which case well t support a variety f programming styles including functional, best-rented, and imperative. Scheme has lexical spring, uniform evaluation rules, and uniform treatment f data types.
Scheme des nt have the concept f a pinter, uninitialized variables, specialized line constructs, r explicit state management. In Scheme, all data types are equal. Its support f a variety f styles (including best-rented) all users t better match their solution style t the style f the problems t be save. Scheme is currently gaining for as a first programming language in universities and is used in industry by such companies as DEC, TI, Tektrnix, HP, and Sun (Springer and Friedman).
APL (A Programming Language) is a general-purpose, third-generation (3 GL) programming language that all certain data manipulatin's t be expressed with a special nn-ASCII set f symbols, resulting in programs that are server than would be possible using mst ther languages. The language was developed in the 1960 's by Ken Iversn and his colleagues at IBM. APL's nation all matrix manipulation as well as recurring functions t be built int simple expressions rather than requiring multiple language statements. APL is mre frequently thought f as a language fr scientific computation, but it can be used fr ther purposes as well. Programs can be developed interactively and are usually interpreted rather than compiled.
The special symbols require keyboard support and specific editors s that the symbols can be displayed and printed. (Rse and Schick) SQL (Structured Query Language) is a 4 GL (4 th Generation Language) developed in the 1970 s by the IBM programmers. The language is mostly used fr data access t relating databases in mst environment frm mainframe t desktop computer. SQL is a standard language but many vendors have added proprietary features. Consists f three parts: DDL (Data Definition Language, used t create tables), DCL (Data Cntrl Language, providing security functions), and DML (Data Manipulation Language, used t stre, modify and retrieve data). SQL 2, als called SQL- 92, is used with relating databases and was standardized in 1992. SQL 3 is the best-relating standard (Frta).
The Pascal is programming language was regionally developed by Niklaus Wirth in re t provide features that were lacking in ther languages f the time. The regional published definition fr the Pascal language appeared in 1971 with latter revisions published in 1973. The principle bjectives fr Pascal were fr it t be efficient t implement and run, all fr the development f well structured and well realized programs, and t serve as a vehicle fr the teaching f the important concepts f computer programming. Pascal, which was named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, is a direct descendent frm ALGL 60, which Wirth helped develop (Welsh). C++ is an best-rented programming (P) language that is viewed by many as the best language fr creating large-scale applicatin's. C++ is a superset f the C language.
It was developed by Bjarne Strustrup in the early 1980 s at Bell Libraries. C++ provides a number f features that "spruce up" the C language, but mre importantly, it provides capabilities fr best-rented programming. The language is mainly used fr software engineering and graphical slutin's (Sebesta). Java is an best-rented programming language developed as a subset f the C language by Sun Micr systems in 1996, and has quickly become the industry's primary cross platform development language. Java is used extensively fr Web, applet, and thin client application development. Java's strength is its ability t run n any computer, provided the computer has a JVM (Java Virtual Machine) available.
Its greatest weakness is that it is an interpreted language, meaning the JVM must translate the universal Java cde t the native computer's pirating cde as the application executes. This leads t see performance. This weakness has been mitigated by Java compilers, which generate machine specific cde allowing quick performance, albeit at the cst f the universal cross platform nature f Java byte cde. Mre simply, Java is a programming language primarily designed fr use in Internet Web applicatin's that includes the use f small applet programs r larger applicatin's programs (Chang and Lee). JavaScript is a scripting language used t create dynamic Websites. It's based n HTML, and can create either client-side r server-side applicatin's.
JavaScript statements can be embedded int an HTML page, and then interpreted within the browser t execute n the client. JavaScript statements which access databases fr dynamic content are executed by the Web Server fr server-side processing. Released in 1995. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a development language used t connect multimedia content (i. e. , graphics, text, images), created in 1990. The china that all files t appear as formatted pages n the World Wide Web.
Sme wrd processes for the pythn f creating HTML dcument's which could then be accessed through the Internet. HTML is based n SGML. Dynamic HTML lets users create simple animation with extensive programming and enables developers t build interactive Web pages (Sebesta). XML (Extensible Markup Language) is an extension t HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that gives mre cntrl f content.
XML is nt limited t pre-defined tags as HTML is, but all the users t define as many tags as they wish. XML is used t define the content f a document r Web page rather than the presentation f it (see XSL fr presentation). It is als used t exchange information and dcument's between diverse systems. XML is text-based and can be used n any platform. It format data by using document tags t catalog information. Key elements in a document can be categorized according t meaning.
Instead f a search engine selecting a document by the metatalk listed in its header, a search engine can scan through the entire document fr the XML tags that identify individual pieces f text and images. The language is accepted as a standard by W 3 C. It is used in e-commerce t enable business partners t standardize specific XML syntax t describe i. e. , purchase riders. Als used in EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) systems, used t define metadata, and in WBEM (Web-Based Enterprise Management) (Gldfarb). Pythn is a very new language, it was developed by Guid Van Rssum, in 1991.
Many f Pythn's features ruminated frm an interpreted language called ABC. Rssum wanted t current sme f ABC's problems and keep sme f its features. Pythn combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has interfaces t many system calls and libraries, as well as t varius window systems, and is extensible in C r C++. It is als usable as en extension language fr applicatin's that need programming interfaces. Finally, Pythn is portable across all may hardware and software platfrm's.
Pythn is ideally suited fr rapid prototyping f complex applicatin's. It is als used as a "glue language" fr connecting up the bus pieces f a complex solution, such as Web pages, databases, and Internet sets (Lutz). Bibliography: Chan, Patrick and Lee, Rsanna (1996). The Java Class Libraries: An Annotated Reference (Java Series).
Addisn-Wesley Publishing C. Gldfarb, Charles F. ; Press, Paul; (1998). The XML Hand. Prentice Hall. Lutz, Mark (1996).
Programming Pythn. 'Reilly & Associates. Frta, Ben (September 1999). SAMS SQL. Sams Publishing, NY.
Lutz, Mark (1996). Programming Pythn. 'Reilly & Associates. Rse, Allen J. , Schick, Barbara A. , APL in Practice, Jan Wiley & Sns, New You, 1980 Sebesta, Robert W. Third edition, (1996). Concepts f Programming Languages. Addisn-Wesley Publishing, CA.
Springer, G. and Friedman, D. P. (1989). Scheme and the Art f Programming.
MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. Welsh, Jim. (1979) Introduction t Pascal. Prentice/Hall International, New Jersey.
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Research essay sample on Programming Language Prentice Hall
