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Example research essay topic: Second World War World War Ii - 1,774 words

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The Cold War Introduction: Cold War was the outcome of disagreement between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States in mid 40 s. The Cold War was fought to control intercontinental affairs for decades. The main objective of the Cold War was a clash of these powerful countries in their political, ideological, military, and economic values and ideas. Origins and development of the cold war until the 1960: The root of cold war was in the coexistence of Islam and Christendom in medieval Spain. This was first referred by a thirteenth-century Spanish writer, Don Juan Manuel (Shapiro, 2006). This was termed as war of beliefs between communism and capitalism which started in 1917 following the Russian Revolution, when the USSR gained as the first major communist power.

This event caused better relationship among Russian and American country (Gaddis, 1990). Numerous events led to disbelief and doubt between the United States and the Soviet Union such as US intervention in Russia supporting the White Army in the Russian Civil War, Russia's withdrawal from World War I in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (Fred, 2001). At the Potsdam Conference, serious discrepancies developed over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe (Peter, 2003). At this conference Truman notified Stalin that the United States owned a powerful new weapon. After the Potsdam Conference, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki deepened the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.

The American were quite concerned with the Russian expansion in Europe when Britain declared on February 24, 1947 that it could not provide financial and military support to Greek government because of danger of being deposed by the communist guerillas. Turkey was also threatened by Russian-directed communist guerillas. On March 12, 1947, President Truman pronounced the Truman Doctrine. The main idea of this Doctrine was "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. " It was straightway against the principal of communist doctrine (Walter, 1991). On June 4, 1947, the U. S.

Secretary of State, George Marshall stated that the United States must step forward to assist economic condition in the world. This will bring political stability and assured peace. " After that the United States encouraged all European countries to put forward plans for economic renovation so that the United States would provide the required financial aid to them. This proposal was unaccepted to the Soviet Union. The main cause was disclosing of economic records of the American government. The Soviet Union thought that it was the direct interference of an American in the internal affairs of another state. With the announcement of the Truman Doctrine of March 1947 and the introducing of the Marshall Plan, the United States was clearly convincing the western nations to oppose Russian Communist expansionist activities in Europe.

This was led to Cold War. When the Cold War embarked on, relations between the East and the West became critically tensed. Both the United States and the Soviet Union tried to squeeze their control over their satellites within their own region (Gaddis 1990, Pp. 186). In 1947, the Soviet Union formed the Communist Information Bureau to extend communist propaganda to all European countries. As a result, the western nations feared of Communist invasion of the world.

While the western nations were concerned about their own safety, Russia blocked all land traffic between Berlin and West Germany. The western nations visualized this move as Russian attempts to pressurize them to withdraw first from Germany and then from Europe. They were firmed to oppose and the ultimate result was war. This was the familiar Berlin Crisis.

The Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference was organized to settle down some principles concerning the instant post-war treatment of Germany; but on these principles, the western nations and the Soviet Union clashed due to different interpretations of the principles from both the sides. Temporarily, events in East Asia moved to a serious stage. The pressure of the Cold War seemed to have moved from Europe to East Asia. In 1949, the People's Republic, under Mao Zedong, was declared in China. This was the Communist victory which alarmed the United States. The Communist extended into Asia.

This increase of power of Soviet Russia and China gave warning to the American policy of containment. A complete war broke out in Korea. After the Second World War, Korea north of 38 th parallel had been taken by the Russians, while south of the 38 th parallel by the Americans. The Russians formed the communist regime in North Korea and the Americans established a western-oriented democracy in South Korea. When the Security Council of the United Nations criticized the North Korean violence, on behalf of the United Nations, the United States sent large number of troops under General Douglas MacArthur to fight back the attacking North Korean troops. When the Americans reached to the Yalu River, they met with the strong battle of the Chinese Communist armies who drove the Americans back to the 38 th parallel.

The war ended in a practical stalemate at the 38 th parallel. The formation of the military coalitions was the direct result of the stress between the East and the West produced by the Cold War. Causes of Cold War: There were inherent ideological, financial and political differences between the United States and the Soviet Union before the Second World War. These differences were exaggerated after the Second World War. The United States and the Soviet Union had two disparate systems of government. In the United States, the government is elected by free elections.

In the Soviet Union, the government is formed by the Communist Party. The people were not allowed to form their own political parties. The United States wanted to promote free trade throughout the world. The Soviet Union opposed these thoughts. Russia had a fear that trade with the West may corrode the strength of the totalitarian government. These differences created poor relation between the United States and the Soviet Union.

There was Power rivalry between two countries. Both of them wanted to dominate each other. The worsening relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were reflected in two small incidents. Land-Lease was abruptly finished by the United States and the Russian appeal for American economic support for the purposes of post-war reform was unobserved by the government of the United States. What options and concerns did the US have at the end of World War II: When the Second World War ended, the western European nations were threatened by the military power of the Soviet Union because it came out as powerful country.

To overcome this military hazard, the United States wanted to find partners in Europe to contain communist expansion. By 1948 the Cominform had been created and Russia had fulfilled joint assistance treaties with Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Rumania. In 1949, twelve nations; the United States, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Italy, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington. After this agreement, the situation of the nations in Western Europe was tensed together under American leadership. The headquarters of NATO was established at Paris. The most important work of the Council was on military.

As at the end of the war, Russia had formed pro-Russian communist governments in eastern and central Europe. The disagreement over Berlin and the development of NATO intended that the Cold War would carry on. After the Communist triumph in Indo-China, the anticommunist nations in Asia established the South-East Asia Treaty Organization. The Soviet Union analyzed this anti-communist scenario with fright. It concluded the Warsaw Pact with its satellites in May 1955.

After 1953, the Cold War was declining. The rock hard reason was that since 1953, both the United States and the Soviet Union owned hydrogen bombs. Both comprehended that these destructive weapons in war would obliterate each other. Therefore they changed their mind and came forward to make better relations in order to shun direct military conflict.

The events of 1956 also explained that the relations between the U. S. and the U. S. S.

R. were improving. Up to 1960, nonviolent co-existence between the East and the West appeared to have been accepted by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Until 1960, both sides had spent enormous amounts of money in nuclear weapons to maintain equivalence with each other's stockpiles and preventing conflict through mutually assured destruction. Succeeding American presidents and successive Soviet premiers attempted to supervise the Cold War in diverse ways and the account of their interactions divulge the fragile balance-of-power required to be maintained between both superpowers (Palmowski, 2003).

Conclusion: To sum up, the Cold War was a worse struggle for global domination that eroded the capitalist United States against the communist Soviet Union. There were many disagreements when the Cold War prompted. It is generally accepted that in 40 s, the relation between Moscow and Washington began weakening. This corrosion busted into flames of the early Cold War. The Cold War is analyzed by many historians, politicians, and scholars as the third foremost war of the twentieth century. References: 1) Shapiro Fred R.

Yale Book of Quotations" 2006. Yale University Press, edited by. 2) John Lewis Gaddis. 1990. Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States An Interpretive History. Pp. 57. 3) Fred Halliday. 2001. "Cold War" The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World, 2 e.

Joel Krieger, ed. Oxford University Press Inc. 4) Peter Byrd. 2003. "Cold War" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press. 5) Walter LaFeber 1991. "Cold War. " A Reader's Companion to American History, Eric For and John A. Garrraty, eds.

Houghton Mifflin Company. 6) Jan Palmowski, "Cold War" A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. Oxford University Press. Outline I) Introduction - Cold war was a struggle between the United States and its allies and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics II) Objective- The main propose of cold war was the differences in the ideology of both countries. III) Origins and development of the cold war until the 1960 V) Causes of Cold War- The failing relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were the main cause of war VII) What options and concerns did the US have at the end of World War II VIII) Conclusion: Russia and the USA had been combating for power for nuclear weapons. This in fact was great threat to the whole world.


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