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The Effects of Crude Protein on Antler Growth in White Tailed Deer Introduction White tailed deer go through drastic endocrine and physiological changes during the year. Due to this reason, their requirements for nutritional supplements are changing quickly. However, the requirement for crude protein seems to be very important for antler growth and to allow optimal development. The present study contains proposals to investigate the effects of crude protein in white tailed deer and its application to antler growth. Satisfying sufficient nutritional supplements, namely, crude protein, is very important, thats why the insight into the effects of crude protein is valuable in understanding the issue. Method Independent research of the effects of crude protein, theoretical analysis and methodical procedures, interpretation of results and consequent common conclusion and recommendations followed by the timeline and budget.
Review of literature, specialized on protein supplements and its application to white tailed deer as well as its implementation in studies; analysis, generalization of studies. Practical Approach and Actuality of Information Studies and works were found with help of electronic databases and search engines as well as electronic libraries such as web web web etc. In the process of search the following keywords were used: crude protein, white tailed deer, effects of crude protein, protein supplements, deer, antler growth, etc. The selected studies were chosen because they contain information about the effects of crude protein on antler growth in white tailed deer, particular cases of usage, recommendations, different factors that influence implementation and progress, etc.
The aim of this research is to examine the effects of crude protein on antler growth in white tailed deer and to compose proposal including the experimental procedures, timeline and budget. Our objectives are to add value to significance of crude protein, to dwell on the experimental procedures that have influence of antler growth and trace the tendencies concerning this issue. Such research can be very helpful as it can be used as a guide to develop different methods chosen to facilitate the progress in developing nutritional supplements for white tailed deer. The actuality of this research is stipulated by possible implications of crude protein to white tailed deer. Rationale and Justification Crude protein is very important in white tailed deer diet. It contains amino acid which can be compared in the ideal protein pattern.
Therefore, determining an accurate and appropriate requirement of crude protein in white tailed deer diet is essential for optimal performance. The total average crude protein requirement for deer is suggested to be more than 10 - 15 %. According to Gerald W. Evers, Deer Diets, estimated percentage of crude protein in deer diet are 15 to 16 % for weaned fawns, 14 to 16 % from spring to mid-autumn for mature deer and 10 to 12 % from mid-autumn through winter.
Taking into consideration the percent digestible matter terms, a minimum percentage for weaned fawns is 65 %, a minimum of 62 % is necessary for does nursing fawns, and mature bucks during spring and summer and a minimum of 55 % is necessary for mature bucks and dry does from late autumn to early spring. Further, approximately 10 - 12 % of suggested crude protein concentration is necessary for maintenance of mature white tailed deer during the late autumn and winter seasons; the percentage should be increased to 14 - 18 % during female deer lactation period and male antler grown in spring and summer. Weaned calves should have a 16 to 18 % crude protein diet until about 9 months of age when it can decrease 12 to 14 % crude protein (Evers 2) Optimizing crude protein needs of white tailed deer can have positive implications for antler growth as well as other positive influences on their health. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the crude protein requirement for antler growth in white tailed deer and to establish the average crude protein concentration that optimizes antler growth performance.
It is absolutely essential to do the requirement and studies in several phases, because the crude protein deficiency affects the subsequent growth of white tailed deer. Experimental Procedures General: Three procedures will be conducted to determine the average crude protein concentration that affects on antler growth in white tailed deer. White tailed deer will be randomly selected at several plantations: the Rocky River Hunting Club 4, 800 -acre private property in Sequatchie, Van Buren, and Warren Counties; the Myers Cove Hunting Club 2, 431 -acre private property in Warren County; and the 37, 000 -acre Oak Ridge Wildlife Management Area in Roane and Anderson Counties. The mixture of males and females white tailed deer (20 deer per plantation) will be used to provide the experimentation's with the best results, but the requirement would be an average of females and males. We consider that the requirement should be determined in male white tailed deer and further, if it will be necessary, certain minor adjustments can be made in nutrition supplement formulas. Dietary treatments In experiments 1, 2 and 3 the crude protein percentage will vary and crude protein requirement will be determined for each group of animals.
The level of crude protein in nutrition supplement formulas will be changed accordingly and all nutrition formulations will be based on different crude protein levels. Each diet will be analyzed accordingly. Ideally, we would analyze the crude protein concentration and then formulate diets based on those levels and analyses. Further, we will compare the results and determine the effects crude protein concentration has on antler growth in white tailed deer. In experiment 1, total crude protein concentration of 5 - 8 % will be fed from 0 to 6 months, and the requirement determined. In experiment 2, white tailed deer will be fed a diet from 0 to 6 months containing the level of crude protein of 10 - 15 %, and the results will be recorder correspondingly.
In experiment 3, the group of white tailed deer will be fed a diet from 0 to 6 months containing the total crude protein concentration of 16 - 25 %. After these three experiments have been completed, the results will be compared correspondingly and the effects of crude protein for antler growth in white tailed deer will be determined. Data collection The antler in white tailed deer will be measured on months 0 and 6 in Experiments 1, 2 and 3 to determine initial and final measurements. At the termination of experiments 1, 2 and 3, six white tailed deer will be randomly selected, and transported to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) in their public lands deer management program. White tailed deer will be measured and their measurements will be recorded.
The deer with better antler growth index will be determined to receive the optimum crude protein concentration in its nutrition diet. Response Criteria Daily / monthly measurements, daily crude protein intake, protein efficiency will be determined and used to estimate the crude protein requirement for antler growth in white tailed deer. Literature Review Resent research made by Gerald W. Evers in Deer Diets determines estimated crude protein percentages of the diet for deer as 15 to 16 % for weaned fawns, 14 to 16 % from spring to mid-autumn for mature deer and 10 to 12 % from mid-autumn through winter. In terms of percent digestible dry matter terms, a minimum of 65 % is needed for weaned fawns, a minimum of 62 % for does nursing fawns, and mature bucks during spring and summer and a minimum of 55 % for mature bucks and dry does from late autumn to early spring. Suggested crude protein concentrations, according to Gerald W.
Evers, for elk are 10 to 12 % for maintenance of mature animals in late autumn and winter, but should be 14 to 18 % during female lactation and male antler growth in spring and summer. Weaned calves should have a 16 to 18 % crude protein diet until about 9 months of age when it can decrease 12 to 14 % crude protein. The crude protein concentration in white tailed deer seasonal nutrition diet will be calculated according to the Table 1. Table 1. Crude protein, phosphorus (P), and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of spring and summer foods of white-tailed deer on the Zachary Ranch in south Texas (J. H.
Everitt and C. L. Gonzalez).
SPRING
SPRING
SUMMER
SUMMER
Crude protein
Crude protein
Crude protein
Crude protein
X
S. D.
X
S.
D.
BROWSE
21. 1
3. 9
16. 1
0. 8
Acacia gregg ii
14. 1
2. 9
13. 4
1. 0
Bu melia celastrina
10. 9
0. 8
10. 4
0. 5
Castle texas
22. 4
5. 2
20. 8
2. 1
Celtic pallida
17. 8
2. 5
15. 0
3. 4
Colubrina telesis
12. 3
2. 7
11. 9
1. 8
Ephedra antisyphilitic
19. 0
4. 7
18. 9
1. 5
L. anna macrocode
14. 7
2. 5
11. 6
2. 9
Leucophyllum jirutescens
23. 1
3. 7
20. 1
5. 6
Pithecellobium Jlexicaule
17. 9
3. 0
16. 6
3. 3
Porlieria angustifolia - 1
--
--
11. 2
2. 3
Schaeffer ia cunetfolia
13. 6
4. 5
12. 3
4. 1
Trips radialis
20. 7
2. 1
15. 7
2. 7
Zanthoxylum figaro
17. 1
4. 1
15. 6
3. 1
Ziziphus obtustfolia
18. 5
3. 7
14. 9
1. 1
Mean
17. 4
15. 0
Cacti
Opuntia lindheimeri- 2
8. 5
3. 6
6. 0
1. 0
Opuntia lindheimeri- 1
--
--
6. 2
0. 6
Opuntia leptocaulis
8. 3
2. 3
8. 0
1. 2
Mean
8. 4
0. 13
Forbs
Ambrosia psilostachya
21. 4
3. 4
16. 5
3. 5
Aphanostephus kidder
10. 0
1. 2
--
--
Aphanostephus riddell ii
14. 3
5. 7
12. 6
3. 1
Callirhoe involucrata
13. 1
1. 8
--
--
-- Com melina erect
13. 7
6. 4
17. 1
3. 9
Cynanchum barbigerum
15. 4
2. 2
13. 5
2. 3
Euphorbia prostrate
16. 7
4. 7
16. 4
2. 3
Gamma brachycarpa
9. 3
0. 8
--
--
esquerella gracilis
12. 9
2. 9
--
--
Lepidium lasiocarpum
12. 7
3. 4
--
--
Menodora heterophylla
14. 2
1. 1
--
--
Parthenium confer tum
17. 8
4. 9
17. 7
6. 4
Phys alis viscose
19. 7
5. 6
15. 2
1. 8
Plantago hooker iana
8. 9
2. 6
--
--
Psilostrophe gnaphaloides
13. 3
5. 5
13. 7
4. 8
Verbena plata
13. 1
2. 3
--
--
anth isma texans
7. 9
0. 4
8. 5
1. 9
Mean
13. 8
14. 6
Overall mean
15. 5
13. 9
1 Fruit
2 - Pads Budget Processing supplies $ 2, 000. 00 Analytical supplies $ 1, 000. 00 Student labor for 24 weeks at 20 hours / week at $ 6. 00 per hour (3 students for 3 hunting areas) - $ 8, 640. 00 Publication costs $ 1, 000. 00 Travel to present research at a scientific meeting $ 1, 000. 00 Cost of maintenance of white tailed deer and facility ($ 0. 5 per day per deer) - $ 5, 400. 00 3 graduate students (6 months at 20 % time) - $ 7, 200. 00 Technician salary (3 persons, 6 months at 20 % time) - $ 8, 340. 00 Fringe benefits (at 23 %) - $ 2, 558. 00 Total funds requested: $ 37, 138. 00 Indirect costs: none Receipt of funds not specified. All methods used in these experiments were approved by the State Animal Care and Use Committee Bibliography: B.
T. Grammar, E. C. Hell gren. Phosphorus Nutrition in White-tailed Deer: Nutrient Balance, Physiological Responses and Antler Growth. Ecology, vol. 74, issue 8 (Dec 1993).
web Ditchkoff S. Litter fall: An overlooked food source for wintering white-tailed deer. web Effects of food plots on white-tailed deer in Kisatchie National Forest MARK K. JOHNSON AND KENNETH D. DANCAK The authors are professor, School of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, LSU, Baton Rouge 70803; and wildlife biologist, Vernon Ranger District, Kisatchie National Forest, 3362 Lake Charles Hwy... Leesville, La 71446.
web Gerald W. Evers, Deer Diets. web J. H. Everitt and C. L.
Gonzalez. Seasonal Nutrient Content in Food Plants of White-tailed Deer on the South Texas Plains. web
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