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The Historical Debate The view of Bismarck over the years has changed and it is the historical debate surrounding our perception of him and his intentions that often shapes our interpretation of the German unification. No 19 th century figure has attracted the attention and controversy that surround the achievement of Otto von Bismarck, with the exception perhaps of Napoleon Bonaparte. The success of Bismarck's work in unifying Germany has shifted from a determinist to a dialectic approach. Early historiography had portrayed him as a master statesman, leading Germany to her rightful destiny. However, dissent from this thesis was at first from non-German historians who re-interpreted later events to conclude that there were more sinister implications to the work of the 'Iron Chancellor', making him a more Machiavellian and immoral politician. Later historians, after the Second World War adopted a teleological interpretation of Bismarck accusing him of leading the way for the disastrous era of Nazism by crippling the development of democratic institutions in Germany, he laid the country open to future dictatorships however, some historians have argued that Bismarck could not be held for all future developments.
They cite his semi-feudal brand of conservatism, arguing that along with his religion and his limited Pan-German view, these factors all distanced him greatly from the principles of Nazism. Recent developments have tended to move away from the study of 'Grand Policy', to diminish the role played by great men such as Bismarck, but to stress the wider context in which they operated. Themes and Problems of 19 th century Europe The collapse of the Napoleonic empire in 1814 - 15 brought the statesmen of Europe to provide for he political future of France and those territories conquered by France. In addition they had to reestablish the balance of power shattered by the Napoleonic campaigns, and to ensure against any similar disruption.
France was forced to accept a restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and a large war indemnity and an army of occupation was imposed. The justifications were manifold however, few do come to mind. Firstly, the Allies sought to prevent future French expansion by the creation of a cordon of relatively strong states around her borders. To this end, a new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, consisting of the old Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). Secondly, this cordon was backed and supported by a loose confederation of 38 states known as the German confederation which was established to compensate for the collapse of the old Holy Roman Empire which would ensure that a mass of small German states would be less easy prey for a future expansionist power.
Thirdly, wider territorial claims were settled and large parts of Saxony were given to Prussia making her a strong German state. The political ideas in Europe played a significant part in the shaping of the continent after the Vienna Settlement. European conservatism was based on the principle of hereditary monarchy. For the conservatives, monarchy was desirable, not so much because it was the will of God, but because it seemed to offer the best hope of continuity and stability in human affairs. However, conservatism was propped up by two groups; the landowning nobility and the Church. These two groups had been transformed by the French Revolution from being the enemies of monarchy into its close allies.
Liberalism was coherent in Britain because of the writings of Bentham and John Stuart Mill but in Europe it took a much broader meaning. The European liberals were united by the common aim to revise or undermine the system of Vienna Europe. Nationalism is the belief that the natural division of humankind is the nation, as opposed to the social or economic class. However, German nationalism was strongest in Europe and this was augmented by the growing political and economic power of Prussia. Be that as it may, the newest challenge to the 19 th century was socialism which argued that the main fault of the system of industrial production currently developing in Europe was the production of goods and not their distribution. The result was that despite the vast industrial resources and agricultural fertility of the continent, millions of its population were almost destitute of the necessities and comforts of life.
From these bases arose the conclusion reached by a number of socialist writers that the reformation of society was possible only by turning one's back upon societies formed for personal profit, and by constructing instead communities based upon co-operation and mutual respect.
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Research essay sample on 19 Th Century Historical Debate German
