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I Shamans A. definition B. purpose 1. balance 2.
success hunting 3. planting 4. cure sickness C. Usually males 1. post menopausal women 2. blood powers II passed down from generation to generation A.
usually from memory 1. sand drawings 2. birch bark scrolls 3. paintings on rocks 4.
animal hides B. children 1. eight-familiar stories 2. ten- know history III answer basic questions A.
where do we come from B. where are we going C. how the world came into being D. how it was transformed E.
guidelines of behavior F. tools of survival IV unknown how long been around A. possible nomadic ancestors from old world 1. Siberian land bridge 2. Migrated 3. Regional tales similar B.
Environmental contributions 1. northeastern forest dwellers a. arctic hare b. wolf c. cedar tree 2.
agricultural southerners a. Corn maidens b. Sacred mountains 3. coastal people a. aquatic animals b. sea birds c.
ocean monsters V stories told in different ways A. told by fire B. Chanting 1. Netslik Inuit 2. Special powers VI special rites A. Maidu-lay down B.
Cheyenne-smooth dirt C. Other-presents VII Special words A. Seneca- when the world was new B. Pima- they say it happened long ago C.
Zuni answers D. Californian- order back to cave VIII Reoccurring themes A. Mother earth B. Humans and animals C. Animal teachers D. Plots 1.
complex 2. humor 3. values IX equal with everything A. Share earth like family B. Man another animal X characters A. Animals 1.
ravens 2. raccoons 3. foxes 4. beavers 5. blue jays 6.
spiders B roles 1. helpers 2. meddlers 3. both C Coyote 1. respected 2. cunning 3.
able to survive in all environments a. prairie b. woodlands c. mountains d.
desert XI Crow Indians A Old man coyote B. Ducks 1. root 2. mud C.
Empty island 1. root- trees plants 2. ducks 3. men 4. women 5.
different animals 6. drum 7. songs 8. dancing D. Shape 1. weapons 2.
Different languages 3. war XII One animal A. Plains Indians-muskrat B. Inuit- raven with spear C. Californian -turtles, waterfowl D. Many- turtle XIII Seneca A.
chief's wife falls B. waterfowl catch C. frog gets dirt D. turtle spreads- landmass XIV Nez Perce A. Monster eats all except coyote B coyote tricks monster C. befriend monster D.
go in stomach E. make fire F. cut out heart G. flung flesh H. tribes sprung up I. blood- Nez Perce XV Wappo Legend A.
flooded earth B. hawk and coyote alone C. create people from feathers D. ask Old man moon 1. talk 2. movement 3.
laughter 4. walk eat XVI Tsimshian A. raven pities dark world B. transformed to a cedar leaf C. dropped in stream D. swallowed by chief's daughter E.
gave birth to raven F. played with the box that held daylight G. stole it and flew to earth H. smashed it on rocks XVII Enlightenment of the sky A. Zuni 1. Mother and father earth in primordial waters 2.
Mother grew pregnant 3. Slipped beneath B. Luise no 1. short dialogue 2. made love XVIII Okanagon A. Earth a woman B.
Mother of all people C. Flesh- soil D. Bones- rocks E. Breath- wind F. Hair- plants G. Movements- earthquakes XIX Wichita A.
Star that is always moving B. Shoot third deer C. First-white D. Second- black E.
Chased it in the sky F. Stars G. Finally catches world ends XX Pawnee A. Buffalo B. Hair falls each year C. All gone the end of the world XXI Pawnee A.
Council meeting B. Wolf not invited C. Stole storm's wind bag D. People killed the wolf E.
Wolf people XXII Closing Shaman is a word that described the mystic healers of Siberia. They are also one of the names that French trappers named the Native American 'doctors', along with medicine men and priests (Flaherty 15). Shamans are usually males, but sometimes they are postmenopausal females. The Native Americans say that menstrual blood is thought to contain special powers all of its own. The tribes count on the shamans to maintain a balance between the tribe and spirit world.
They also ensure success in hunting, planting or in preventing sickness and curing diseases. One of their most important and interesting customs and responsibilities is to keep the tribe's legends throughout the tribe. They pass down these ancient legends from each generation to generation. The shamans miraculously usually only use their memory alone, but sometimes they have a few reminders.
Some shamans have used sand drawings or birch bark scrolls, and paintings on rocks or animal hides. The tribe's memories for remembering the stories are amazing. Only a few have used these reminders and they are only a few pictures for details. By the time most Indian children were eight years old, they were already familiar with many stories and legends. By the time they were ten they could recite their nation's history for hundreds and hundreds of years (geocities). The stories answer basic questions concerning the human condition.
Where do we come from? Where are we going? How did the world come into being? How was the world transformed?
What are good guidelines for behavior? They also teach tools of behavior. The ability to hunt certain animals, plant certain crops or perform certain ceremonies or prayers are ideas usually found in the stories. Exactly how long these legends have been around for is unknown.
It is possible that the nomadic ancestors of the Indians brought elements of the tales with them from the Old World across the Siberian Alaskan land bridge into North America (Flaherty 17). As the migrants worked their way south and east, they altered the tales to reflect their environments and their own tribal histories. Gradually the sharing of the stories and the collective experience among the tribes living in particular regions of North America gave way to regular tales that showed similar characteristics. The northeastern forest dweller's stories usually feature the arctic hare, the wolf and the cedar tree. The agricultural southerner's legends include corn maidens and sacred mountains. The coastal people had tales of all kind of aquatic animals, seabirds, and sometimes ocean monsters.
The legends are told by a fire most of the time. They were occasionally accompanied by chanting or prayers. It was usually in comprehensible to the listeners. The chants were said to carry special powers. A Netslik Inuit described them as, 'thoughts sung out with breath when people are moved by great forces and ordinary language no...
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