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A. Economic Imperialism at home and abroad - In one generation Africa - direct possession (1902: only Liberia, founded by former American slaves remains independent) Asia and Near East: economic and diplomatic pressure Economic concessions and extra-territorial privileges: Ottoman Empire - most vulnerable; China - most vulnerable; Japan - modernizing rapidly; India - firmly in British hands; Importance to Europe: keeps fat on European economy; colonial rule a reproach to democracy; encouraged feelings of national and racial superiority; 'Pan' movements - a form of imperialism Technology and science: materialism B. Social Human welfare: serfdom gone (except in Russia); surgery and anesthetics perfected; life span longer; Victorian middle class morality in decline; spread of literacy. Peace movements: 'pipe dream of peace'. Aristocratic remainders. Neglect of the proletariat.
C. Intellectual 1. European cultural heritage 2. Ideologies of progress: conservatism - delaying action not progress (aristocracy) liberalism - freedom, law, representative government (upper middle class) radicalism - remove class distinctions, anti-clerical (lower middle class) socialism - collectivist doctrine (city workers) new left - syndicalism D. Political 1. the nation-state: language and race 2.
parliamentary government 3. parties: tied to class and ideology lack of responsibility too many of them 4. Differing forms separation of powers only in the USA king or president a figurehead in Britain and France search for majorities in parliament Britain: the cabinet held the whip France and Italy: parliament held the whip 5. Extension of the suffrage 6.
Exceptions to democratization Germany: only has external form of it, the Reichstag is a 'debating chamber' Austria-Hungary: maintaining monarchy in polyglot confusion Russia: a struggle between Duma and Ministry E. Military 1. popular militarism Boer War naval building race: Admiral Tirpitz - risk theory Three-year army law: France 1913 Tripoli campaign in Italy, 1911 2. Comparative figures on army increase, 1870 - 1914: 1870 1914 Russia 700, 000 1, 300, 000 France 380, 000 846, 000 Germany 403, 000 812, 000 Austria-Hungary 247, 000 424, 000 Britain 302, 000 381, 000 Italy 334, 000 305, 000 Japan 70, 000 250, 000 U.
S. A. 37, 000 98, 000 3. military expenditure Germany and Russia had the largest budgets in 1914 Britain and Germany spent most per capita: Germany $ 8. 52 Britain $ 8. 53 U. S.
A. $ 0. 32 F. Diplomatic 1. Alliance System 1870 - 1890: Bismarck in control 1890 - 1907: balance against Germany 2. Testing the system Russo-Japanese War, 1904 - 5 First Morocco Crisis, 1905 - 6 Bosnian Annexation Crisis, 1908 Second Morocco Crisis, 1911 Haldane Mission, 1912 3. Tensions in the Balkans Hapsburg Empire in turmoil South Slav Problem First Balkan War, 1912 - 13 Second Balkan War, 1913
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