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Example research essay topic: James K Polk D C Heath - 1,245 words

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... nd the world was left in considerable political disarray. The Allied leaders were left with the job of settling boundary disputes, charging reparations, and establishing successor states out of the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Also, the Allies had to make sure that Bolshevism did not spread from Russia. President Woodrow Wilson was in charge of bringing American power and influence on the determination of political issues beyond the Western Hemisphere. But, with his extensive academic background, Wilson had the confidence to take this task head on.

It seemed that everyone in the world was willing to put their fate in Wilson's hands. Wilson enjoyed a prestige and a moral influence throughout the world unequaled in history. Yet, the strong-willed President met his match several times at the negotiation table. First of all, Wilson was ill prepared. Greene states, as the President had thought nothing out, the Council was generally working on the basis of a French or British draft. Also, as the negotiations continued, his popularity at home was decreasing.

At this point he was not even sure if his own people could trust his decisions. This point supports why an alternate negotiating body should be chosen. Wilson could not have expected or planned for what had happened. Yet, a peace commission would not have been affected by such a distraction. Throughout the negotiations Wilson stayed very much a man of extreme principle. His unwillingness to compromise in a situation that greatly called for it cost Wilson important concessions in the long run.

Later, he allowed himself to be talked into agreeing that the spending of the Allied Governments on pensions and separation allowances could be regarded as damage done to the civilian population. This defeat proved to be the greatest in the economic realm of the negotiations. The problem was that Wilson simply would not listen to his fellow commissioners. Because of this, there was a certain lack of central direction and coordination among the American representatives. It then seems conceivable that a more full utilization of these talented men would have eased the burden on Wilson and resulted in a more sound treaty. Wilson's plan for the League of Nations further clouded his vision.

He was so absorbed by his plans for the League and in any case he preferred to work without trying to persuade his commissioners. In the end, he was certain that the formation of the League greatly outweighed the defeats and compromises up to that point. Wilson, above all, was an idealist. Although he mixed this in with some practicality, he made himself exhausted over his firm stances on all of his Fourteen Points. By going on his own, Wilson had bit off more than he could chew. His ill preparation, stubbornness, and seemingly ailing health all contributed to his defeat concerning the treaty.

When Wilson spoke, it was considered policy. Whereas, if negotiators spoke, even if it is the President's exact words, a sense of inexactness and compromise was left in the air. Wilson's viewpoints were those of only one person. And, with hardly any consultation, it is no wonder that he did not see every facet that was taking place at the conferences. His lack of success with the Treaty of Versailles can be attributed to the fact that he stood alone at the negotiations. Following the Civil War, the U.

S. government was faced with a challenge unparalleled in American history. Never before had the government been put in the position to put back together a war-ravaged country. Several problems became evident quickly. Were the Southern states ever really out of the union?

If so, how would they be readmitted and whose job was it to decide? Next, what was to become of the estimated four million slaves that now were to be considered free? Initially, Abraham Lincoln came to shoulder these responsibilities. But, when a bullet ended Lincoln's life, an un expecting Andrew Johnson was given this arduous task. Following much of Lincoln's proposed plans, Johnson demanded certain stipulations in order for states to be readmitted into the Union. He felt strongly that it was his sole responsibility to reorganize the South.

Yet, when Johnson was put into office, there were no southerners in Congress in 1865 thereby providing him with zero support. Many were amazed at how daring he was considering his position. He was enacting legislation extremely capriciously. One Radical said that he was convinced that all he said was weighed and measured, and meant to bring about certain results. Many were outraged that their towns were turned into military districts.

The officials in these towns were seen as rulers without responsibility, in unchecked control of the material resources of a people with whom they had not a sentiment or interest in common. Northerners were in great fear that they were in jeopardy of losing back what they had fought so hard to gain. Johnson at one point even declared reorganization over and Congress became infuriated. Johnson, similar to Wilson, was not prepared to tackle such an ominous challenge.

He could only see the problems created by the war from a single perspective. He tried to veto many of the acts but Congress kept passing over him. Because he persisted in his vision, it seemed clear that Johnson had to go. His unwillingness to compromise led to his impeachment on the basis of high crimes and misdemeanors.

Granted, Johnson was dealt a poor hand to begin with. But, he did not allow more able and influential men to handle some of the negotiations confronting reconstruction. His lack of preparation, lack of ability, and stubbornness played a hand in the ultimate failure of Reconstruction. It can be concluded that the keys to successfully negotiating a conflict are communication, preparation, and open-mindedness. The first two examples noted reveal how communication between parties helps to give clarity to instructions and direction concerning goals. Madison and Polk spoke through their chosen negotiators in order to allow for extended time and freedom to maneuver.

And, consequently, the came to the terms that they initially desired. On the other hand, Wilson and Johnson proceeded through their respective periods of strife individually, not allowing others to lend much counsel. Furthermore, they did not have much success in their post-war efforts. Electing a body of peace commissioners in a time of peace negotiation lessens the stress on the President and results in a more beneficial outcome.

Bibliography: Bibliography Allen, James S. Reconstruction. New York: International Publishers, 1937. Bergeron, Paul H.

The Presidency of James K. Polk. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 1987. Brandon, Colonel Fay Warrington. Andrew Johnson. Durham: Seen Printery, Inc. , 1972.

Coles, Harry L. The War of 1812. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965. Greene, Theodore P. Wilson at Versailles. Boston: D.

C. Heath and Co. , 1957. Levin, N. Gordon. Woodrow Wilson and the Paris Peace Conference. Lexington: D.

C. Heath and Co. , 1972. McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960. Nelson, Anna Louise Kasten.

The Secret Diplomacy of James K. Polk During the Mexican War. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1972. Nevins, Allan. Polk, The Diary of a President. London: Longmans, Green and Co. , 1952.

Person, Michael. Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998. Peterson, Merrill D. James Madison. New York: Newsweek, 1974.

Rutland, Robert Allen. The Presidency of James Madison. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990.


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