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... sional education. They have well developed personalities and attitudes towards sex roles. Method Instrument-A simplified version of the Ory and Poggio Measure of Achievement Motivation was selected. 57 The content validity of each item was related to an achievement motivation construct.
The questionnaire consisted of two parts (Appendix B): the first section consisted of 41 statements requiring students to indicate relative agreement or disagreement, according to a forced choice L insert-type format, with four response alternatives; the second part consisted of 16 short answers to multiple choice statements or statements that provided personal data. The survey was conducted at the eleven Southeastern library schools in the United States of America, and the twenty three universities in India (Table 1). With the help of the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Hewlett Packard computer at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, the data were organized for statistical analysis and interpretation. Frequency tables were con structed and mean scores were computed for each of the aforementioned categories in the abstract. Analysis of variance and cross tables were used to identify the significant differences among males, females and country, in each category. Range of reliability coefficient was determined and compared according to Ory and Poggio's high and low achiever scale.
Reliability coefficients ranged from. 4 7 to. 75. Demographic data were analyzed as to age, sex, marriage, education level etc. (Table 2). The significant relationships were compared at < . 05 level. Findings A two way factorial analysis of variance by sex & country with each scale as the dependent variable showed significant differences in the following categories: - Country: -Task Orientation (Table 3); Future Orientation (Table 4); Perseverance (Table 5); Social Acceptance (Table 6); Competitiveness (Table 7); Reaction to Success/Failure (Table 8); Reaction to Fear of Failure (Table 9); Rigidity (Table 10) and Women as Manager Scale (Table 11). On the average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans on each of the above scales Sex: - showed significant difference on Perseverance; Social Acceptance; Reaction to Success/Failure; Fear of Success; and on Women as Manager Scale. Perseverance: -A two way factorial analysis of variance by sex and country with the scale as a dependent variable showed a significant difference by country and sex.
Average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans. Average agreement among males was greater than average agreement among females. Social Acceptance: - Average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans. On the average males in both countries were more in agreement with the scale than the females.
Reaction to Success/Failure: - Average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans. On the average the differences between females were more than males by country. Fear of Success: -A two way factorial analysis showed on the average males were more in agreement with the scale than the females. Women as Managers Scale: - Average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans. On the average difference between females in both the countries was smaller than for males. A high percentage of Indian males (39. 7 %) compared to the U.
S. A males (1. 5 %) felt women should not hold responsible positions. Also, whereas only 3 % of the American male LIS students felt that women are not ambitious enough to be successful in managerial positions, 37 % of the Indian male students believed this to be the case. Interaction between variables: - Competitiveness and Women as Managers Scale showed a significant interaction by country. Competitiveness: - On the average agreement among Indians was greater than the Americans.
In this study Statement 38 -"I would rather work in a library that pays well" showed a significant relationship among the male and female respondents in the USA study, but not in the India study (USA study 79 % females & 91 % males Vs India study 64 % females and 59 % males agreed with the statement). More males in the USA and more females in India wanted to work for libraries that paid well. A gr eater percentage of Indian students liked competing against the clock than the American students. In the business world women are perceived as being dependent, passive, and subjective, and as lacking in competitiveness, ambition and leadership abilities. They are perceived as emotional and unfit for managerial positions. Women generally are not looked upon as leaders by the public due to stereotypical perceptions.
In this study Indian males felt that womens emotions will not let them hand le responsible positions more than the Americans cohorts. Women as Manage Scale: - On the average difference between females in both the countries was smaller than for males. Conclusions The response percentages of the majority of respondents both from the United States and India studies show that the majority of the LIS students were motivated to work hard, devote their energies to the task at hand, plan for future and be competitive professionally. Significant relationships were found in the following categories: task orientation, future orientation, perseverance, future order tation and competitiveness, reaction to success / failure ; reaction to fear of failure; rigidity, and women as managers scales. On the whole the average agreement among Indian LIS students was greater than the American students on each of the scales.
The motivation among the Indian students was more than the USA students. Social acceptance showed a major difference in that, a greater number of Indian respondents felt that social acceptance is more important than personal success, and that the primary goal of any undertaking is social recognition. Very few American respondents shared that opinion. Evidently for the American students personal success is more important than social acceptance or the social recognition. This attitude on the personal level translates into self development and independent achievement at the individual level; whereas the value social acceptance and social recognition on the part of Indians translated into putting the goals of the society or the organization first and the achievement of the personal goals second.
This coincides with Hosted's criterion of the differences in the two cultures. Even though both the Indians and American are high on i ndividualism, but because of the high and low distance from the power Indians are more likely to look to their superiors for approval and direction. Indians are also poorer than the Americans and in need of the job, so they are afraid to disagree with their employer. It is brought home by the following remark by a senior Indian executive with a Ph. D. from a prestigious American university: - What is most important for me and my department is not what I do or achieve for the company, but whether the Master's (i.
e. , an owner of the form) favor is bestowed on me. This I have achieved by saying "yes" to everything the Master says or does To contradict him is to look for another job. I left my freedom of thought in Boston (p. 128). 58 On category acceptance of Women as Managers Scale many more Indian students agreed with the statement that-"women have the objectivity required to evaluate library situations properly" and yet 40 % of the Indian males agreed with the statement -"It is less desirable for women than men to have a job that requires responsibility. " Also, about 37 % Indian males felt the women are not ambitious enough to be successful in managerial positions. On the whole Indian males were more conservative in accepting women as managers than the American males. Both males and females have similar career aspirations an...
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Research essay sample on Achievement Motivation Social Acceptance
