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Example research essay topic: Charles Scribner Sons Gertrude Stein - 1,938 words

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The fifth and youngest child of the Daniel and Amelia Stein family, Gertrude Stein was born on February 3, 1874 into upper middle class surroundings in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. When she was 3 years old the family moved to Vienna and then on to Paris before returning to American in late 1878 Her father moved the family to Oakland, California soon after their return. Her brother Leo, 2 years her senior, and Gertrude found like interest and became close allies through much of their early lives. Gertrude was 8 years old when she made her first attempt at writing.

Reading became an obsession for her beginning with Shakespeare and books on natural history. Gertrude's love affair with words would later reveal itself in her own works. In school she was fascinated with the structuring of sentences I suppose other things may be more exciting to others I like the feeling the everlasting feeling of sentences as they diagram themselves. In 1891 her father died suddenly, and the oldest brother Michael assumed the position of earning a living for the family. The Stein family moved to San Francisco where Gertrude became intrigued by the theater and opera. In 1892, she moved to Baltimore to live with a wealthy aunt.

Gertrude entered Radcliffe College in 1893. As a student she developed a special philosophical relationship with her teacher, William James. On a particularly nice spring day during final exams in James course she wrote at the top of her paper Dear Professor James, I am sorry but I really do not feel a bit like an examination paper in philosophy today. The next day she received a postcard from James saying, I understand perfectly how you feel I often feel like that myself. And then gave her the highest mark in his course. She became more interested in philosophy and psychology courses and then she decided on a career in medicine and enrolled at Johns Hopkins University.

She later studied medicine in Europe and eventually dismissed the whole area. She returned to America to live with friends in New York. It was here that she wrote her first novel Q. E. D.

It would, for some reason, be lost for 30 years and not be published until 4 years after her death under the title of Things As They Are. Leo Stein, her brother moved to Paris and took up residence at 27 Rue de Fleurus. Gertrude joined him in 1904, and would not touch foot upon America soil again for 30 years. 27 Rue de Fleurus would be the first real and permanent resident home for Gertrude since leaving Oakland in 1891, and one that Gertrude would remain in for almost 40 years. Gertrude follow her brother to became collector of art.

Their home became knows as the Salon with paintings literally covering all the wall space in their modest living quarters... painting by Picasso, Renoir, Gauguin, Cezanne d and many others. Miss Alice B. Toklas is a friend of Stein family. She heard a lot of stories about Paris and travels to sail to Europe. While in Paris Alice was invited to one of the Saturday night parties at 27 She soon became a regular visitor and began going to the galleries and theater with Gertrude while helping in proofreading Three Lives and transcribing The Making of Americans manuscript.

In 1910 she moved in with Gertrude and Leo, and would remain Gertrude's companion for 39 years. Gertrude continued to write but her abstract style was not received well by the general public. Many patrons of the arts called her a literary cubist In her ability of projecting reality beyond reality, and compared her to the cubist painters of that time. Her first publications in a periodical was in Alfred Stieglitzs Camera Works magazine. Although of small circulation, it was read by American people of influence in the art world. In the Spring of 1912 Gertrude and Alice went to Spain where Gertrude began working on a series of articles that would later be published in the book Tender Buttons, 1914.

By 1912 Gertrude and her brother Leos friendship became stained and Leo moved out in 1913. They would have little contact with each other from that time on. In March 1914 Gertrude and Alice left Paris after a series of bombing alerts and zeppelin raids. They returned in 1916 and decided to help out with the war efforts by joining the American Fund for French Wounded.

A For automobile was shipped from America and outfitted like a truck so they could deliver supplies to hospitals around Paris. The Ford was nicknames Auntie in honor of Gertrude's aunt in America The old Ford Auntie was replaced by Godiva, so named because of its nakedness of all amenities. They returned to their country home in Bilignin where she would produce some of her best works. Although her name was now well known, limited publication of her works prevented her from being widely read. Gertrude's first taste of fame would come with the publication of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas in 1933.

It became a best seller in America and turned her into an instant celebrity. The Atlantic Monthly did a serialization of the book which got wide readership. Checks began pouring in giving her more money than she had ever known before. Gertrude resisted going to America on a lecture tour since she did not know if she would be well received after 30 years absence, but on October 24, 1934, she and Alice arrived in New York aboard the S.

S Champlain. The crowds were enthusiastic and the press welcomed her with open arms. The NY Times building announced her arrival in ticker tape lights. One headline read Gerty Gerty Stein is Back Home Home Back. After one lecturer, while being interviewed by reporters, Gertrude asked a photographer why he see to have been more absorbed in her speech that the others. The photographer replied You see, I can listen to what you say because I dont have to remember what you are saying.

They cant listen because they have got to remember. In 1935 Gertrude and Alice went back to France to their home in Bilignin for some privacy. While in Bilignin during the summer of 1939 the war was quickly approaching. Gertrude and Alice made a hurried trip to Paris to get clothing, passports and some of their paintings. By June of 1940, Paris was occupied by the Germans and the couple would not return until 1944 Gertrude and Alice barely escaped internment in a concentration camp as Germany occupied the area around Bodley.

Both being of Jewish decent, their neighbors protected them, and site of the two women as being Americans. Soon they found themselves without money and sold some of the paintings that they brought from Paris. Gertrude would often walk miles for a loaf of bread. In August 1944 they returned to Paris and found the paintings in the apartment untouched by the Germans. Friends began to drift back to Paris, along with many newly made G. I friends from the war.

In December 1945, she complained of abdominal pains which would be diagnosed as colon cancer a few months later. She was rushed to the hospital on July 19, 1946 and made her will on the 23 rd leaving the bulk of her estate to Alice. On the 27 th she went into the emergency room. Bibliography of Works by Gertrude Stein Principal Publications Three Lives (1904 - 5) o The Grafton Press, New York, 1909 o John Lane the Bodley Head, London, 1915 o The Modern Library, New York, 1933 o Peter Owen, London, 1970 The Making of Americans (1906 - 8) o Contact Editions, Paris, 1925 o Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1934 (abridged edition) Reissued 1966 o Something Else Press, New York, 1966; o Peter Owen, London, 1969 (photo-copy of the original Contact Editions publication) Matisse, Picasso and Gertrude Stein (1909 - 12) o Plain Edition, Paris, 1933 Tender Buttons (1911) o Claire-Marie, New York, 1914 o transition No. 14, 1928 See also Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein Useful Knowledge (1915) o Payson and Clarke, New York, 1928 o John Lane the Bodley Head, London, 1929 Geography and Plays (1908 - 20) o The Four Seas Company, Boston, 1922 (Introduction by Sherwood Anderson) Composition as Explanation (1926) o The Hogarth Press, London, 1926 o Doubleday, Doran & Co. , New York, 1928 See also Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein An Acquaintance with Description (1926) o Seizin Press, London, 1929 Lucy Church Amiably (1927) o Plain Edition, Paris, 1930 o Something Else Press, New York, 1969 How To Write (1928 - 30) o Plain Edition, Paris, 1931 Before the Flowers of Friendship Faded Friendship Faded (1930) o Plain Edition, Paris, 1931 Operas and Plays (1913 - 30) o Plain Edition, Paris, 1932 The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1932) o Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1933 o John Lane the Bodley Head, London, 1933 o Random House, New York, 1936 o Penguin Books, Harmondsworth 1967 See also Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein Portraits and Prayers (1909 - 33) o Random House, New York, 1934 Lectures in America (1934) o Random House, New York, 1935 o Beacon Press, Boston, 1957 (paperback) Narration (1935) o University of Chicago Press, 1935 (Introduction by Thornton Wilder) The Geographical History of America or the Relation of Human Nature to the Human Mind (1935) o Random House, New York, 1936 (Introduction by Thornton Wilder) What are Master-pieces (1922 - 36) o Conference Press, Los Angeles, 1940 Everybody's Autobiography (1936) o Random House, New York, 1937 o William Heinemann, London and Toronto, 1938 Picasso (1938) o Librairie Floury, Paris, 1938 (French and English) o Batsford, London, 1938 o Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1940 The World is Round (1938) o William R. Scott, New York, 1939 o Batsford, London, 1939 Paris France (1939) o Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1940 o Batsford, London, 1940 Ida, A Novel (1940) o Random House, New York, 1941 Wars I Have Seen (1942 - 4) o Random House, New York, 1944 o Batsford, London, 1945 Browse and Willie (1945) o Random House, New York, 1946 Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein (1909 - 44) o Random House, New York, 1946 (edited with introduction and notes by Carl Van Vechten) Posthumous Publications Four In America (1932 - 3) o Yale University Press, New Haven, 1947 (Introduction by Thornton Wilder) The Gertrude Stein First Reader and Three Plays (1941 - 3) o M.

Fridberg, Dublin, I 946 o Houghton Mifflin, Boston, I 948 Blood On The Dining-Room Floor (1933) o Brandon Press, 1948 o Virago Press, 1985 Last Operas and Plays (1917 - 46) o Rinehart and Co. , New York, I 949 Things As They Are (1903) o Banyan Press, Pawlett, Vermont, 1950 The Yale Edition of the Unpublished Works of Gertrude Stein - 8 Volumes The Yale University Press New Haven Two: Gertrude Stein and Her Brother (1908 - 12), published 1951, foreword by Janet Flannel Mrs Reynolds and Five Earlier Novelettes (1931 - 42), published 1952, foreword by Lloyd Frankenberg Bee Time Vine and Other Pieces (1913 - 27), published 1953, introduction by Vergil Thomson As Fine as Melanctha (1914 - 30), published 1954, foreword by Clifford Barney Painted Lace and Other Pieces (1914 - 37), published 1955, introduction by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Stanzas in Meditation and Other Poems (1929 - 33), published 1956, preface by Donald Sutherland Alphabets and Birthdays (1915 - 40), published 1957, introduction by Donald Gallup A Novel of Thank You (1920 - 26), published 1958, introduction by Carl Van Vechten


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Research essay sample on Charles Scribner Sons Gertrude Stein

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