NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote
The drug codeine is manufactured by the drug morphine, and could be made from the drug opium. The effects of codeine are similar to the effects of morphine, but codeine is not as potent and retains effectiveness when taken orally. Codeine is primarily used to relieve pain and to suppress coughing. A person that is on the drug codeine could build a tolerance and become addicted to it. Codeine is considered a narcotic drug when not prescribed by a doctor. Codeine is not usually taken by itself.
It is usually mixed with another drug or cough syrup such as: Tylenol, APAP, Empirin and Robitussin. Codeine is used as an analgesic, or an anti-tussle. The physical and psychological dependence of the drug is moderate. When taking codeine the drug duration lasts for about three to six hours. Codeine can be taken orally or can be injected.
The long-term effects of codeine are very harsh on the human body. Some of the long-term effects are: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, and nausea. Some of the withdrawal effects codeine has: watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, frequent panicking, cramps, chills, and sweating. Codeine is a narcotic, one of two clinically useful phenanthrene alkaloids in opium. It was discovered in the drug opium, in the year 1832, by a French chemist named Pierre Jean Robiquet. It appears sensitivity to the opiate; codeine varies with ethnic background, according to a recent study.
Codeine's analgesic properties stem mainly from the bodys ability to metabolize it into morphine, says J. J. Alastair Wood of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville. Wood examined the effects of codeine in men in European and Asian extraction. Both groups transformed codeine into morphine similarly, but the people in the Asian group experienced weaker effects from the drug. Morphine is responsible for the pain relief in codeine.
Studies showed that some people lack an enzyme called CYP 2 D 6 that chemically alters codeine into morphine. About eight percent of Whites, six percent of Africans, and one percent of Asians do not produce CYP 2 D 6. Doctors think that people that do not respond to pain-killing drugs need higher doses. Doctors did a test on how codeine effected the breathing, blood pressure, and pupil dilation on Chinese and American men. Codeine effected the Chinese men less than the American men. Their bodies cleared morphine faster and increased metabolism of codeine through their enzymes.
J. J. Alaistar Wood hypothesized that people who abuse codeine would possess CYP 2 D 6, but it would be difficult to find appropriate subjects. Codeine is a very harmful drug and no one should take it unless you are prescribed to it.
Free research essays on topics related to: j j, codeine, american men, long term effects, 2 d
Research essay sample on Long Term Effects J J
