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Example research essay topic: Released Into The Atmosphere Sulfur Dioxide - 1,318 words

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Every thing present in this universe is a part of environment including ourselves. Whether they are animals, living thing, or nonliving things. All of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as water, soil, climate, light, and oxygen. All interacting biotic and abiotic factors together make up an ecosystem. Organisms and their environment constantly interact, and both are changed by this interaction.

Additionally, environmental factors, singly or in combination, ultimately limit the size that any population may attain. This limit, a population's carrying capacity, is usually reached because needed resources are in short supply. Occasionally, carrying capacity may be dictated by the direct actions of other species, as when predators limit the number of their prey in a specific area. The problems facing the environment are vast and diverse.

Destruction of the world's rain forests, global warming, and the depletion of the ozone layer are just some of the problems that will reach critical proportions in the coming decades. Their rates will be directly affected by the size of the human population. Human population growth may be seen to be at the root of virtually all of the world's environmental problems. Increasingly large numbers of people are being added to the world every year. As the number of people increases, more pollution is generated, more habitats are destroyed, and more natural resources are used up. Even if new technological advances were able to cut in half the environmental impact that each person had, as soon as the world's population size doubled, the earth would be no better off than before.

Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the earth's atmosphere permit the sun's radiation to heat the earth but retard the escape into space of the infrared energy radiated back out by the earth. This process is referred to as the greenhouse effect. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, insulate the earth's surface, helping to maintain warm temperatures. Without FIG 1: Rainwater once was the purest form of water available but now is often contaminated by pollutants in the air.

Acid rain is caused when industrial emissions mix with atmospheric moisture. Pollutants may be carried in clouds for long distances before falling, which means that forests and lakes far away from factories may be damaged by acid rain. In the near vicinity of the factories, additional damage is caused by deposition, a kind of dry rain in which the larger pollutant particles fall to the ground. Air pollution has been increasing since the Industrial Revolution but only recently have side effects such as acid rain become severe and widespread enough to evoke international concern. these gases, the earth would be a frozen planet with an average temperature of about - 18 C (about 0 F) instead of a comfortable 15 C (59 F). If the concentration of these gases were higher, more heat would be trapped within the atmosphere, and worldwide temperatures would rise.

Within the last century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased dramatically, largely because of the practice of burning fossil fuels-coal and petroleum and its derivatives. Global temperature has also increased 1 C (about 1. 8 F) within the past century. Atmospheric scientists have now concluded that at least half of that increase can be attributed to human activity, and they have predicted that unless dramatic action is taken, temperature will continue to rise by between 1 and 3. 5 C (between 1. 8 and 6. 3 F) over the next century. Although this may not seem like a great difference, global temperature was only 2. 2 C (4 F) cooler during the last ice age than it is presently. The consequences of such a modest increase in temperature may well be devastating. Sea levels will rise, completely inundating a number of low-lying island nations and flooding many coastal cities such as New York and Miami.

Many plant and animal species will probably be driven into extinction, agricultural regions will be disrupted, and the frequency of severe hurricanes and droughts is likely to increase. The ozone layer, a thin band in the stratosphere (a layer in the upper atmosphere), serves to shield the earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. In the 1970 s, scientists discovered that the layer was being attacked by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals used in refrigeration, air-conditioning systems, cleaning solvents, and aerosol sprays. CFCs release chlorine into the atmosphere; chlorine, in turn, breaks ozone down into its constituent parts of oxygen. Because chlorine is not affected by its interaction with ozone, each chlorine molecule has the ability to destroy a large amount of ozone for an extended period of time. FIG 2: Forests, lakes, ponds, and other terrestrial and aquatic environments throughout the world are being severely damaged by the effects of acid rain.

Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds with water in the atmosphere to produce rain with a very low pH. Normally, rainwater has a pH of 6. 5, making it slightly acidic. However, with the addition of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, the pH of rainwater may drop to as low as 2. 0 or 3. 0, making it dangerously acidic. In addition to chemically burning the leaves of plants, acid rain poisons lake water, which kills most if not all of the aquatic inhabitants.

Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other types of contaminants pouring from industrial smokestacks contribute largely to the world's atmospheric pollution. Carbon dioxide contributes significantly to global warming, while sulfur dioxide emissions are the principal cause of acid rain in northeastern United States, southeastern Canada, and eastern Europe. The consequences of the depletion of the ozone layer are dramatic. Increased ultraviolet radiation will lead to a growing number of skin cancers and cataracts and also reduce the ability of people's immune systems to respond to infection. Additionally, the growth rates of the world's oceanic plankton, the base of most marine food chains, will be negatively affected, perhaps leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus to global warming.

Even if the manufacture of CFCs was immediately banned, the chlorine already released into the atmosphere would continue to destroy the ozone layer for many decades. Additionally, the latest studies suggest that global warming may increase the amount of ozone destroyed. A significant portion of industry and transportation is based on the burning of fossil fuels, such as gasoline. As these fuels are burned, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of substances contribute to air pollution, the most common contain carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. These chemicals interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in various dangerous ways.

Smog, usually found in urban areas with large numbers of automobiles, is formed when nitrogen oxides react with hydrocarbons in the air to produce aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause serious health problems. When sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide are transformed into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to earth in precipitation, they form acid rain. Acid rain is a serious global problem because few species are capable of surviving in the face of such acidic conditions. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. Acid rain is also thought to be responsible for the decline of many forest ecosystems worldwide.

Germany's Black Forest has suffered dramatic losses, and recent surveys suggest that similar declines are occurring throughout the eastern United States. Estimates suggest that nearly 1. 5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may come from point or nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations-from, for example, factories, sewage treatment plants, or oil tankers. The technolo...


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Research essay sample on Released Into The Atmosphere Sulfur Dioxide

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