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Example research essay topic: Men And Women Minimum Wages - 1,569 words

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... heat and hot water for as long as a week, and there were regular reports of deaths of elderly men and women because of poor heating. Medical care was unevenly distributed throughout the country for all citizens, not just the elderly. There were substantial differences between urban and rural standards. In the 1980 s, although half the population continued to live in rural areas, only 7, 000 (15. 7 percent) of the 44, 494 physicians worked in the countryside.

Consequently, many citizens had to travel great distances to get medical care. The state did not provide free medical care to some 500, 000 peasants and 40, 500 private artisans (Romania Public Health). Even though Romania is not a wealthy country, it still has social security programs for their citizens. It has old age, disability, and death for old age pension, sickness and maternity benefits, work injury, disability, unemployment and family allowances too.

Like the United States social security programs, qualifying conditions must be met to obtain the benefits (Social Security). English and French are the first foreign languages taught in Romanian schools. German is useful in Transylvania. Romanian is much closer to classical Latin than the other Romance languages. The grammatical structure and basic word stock of the mother tongue are well preserved. Some Slavonic words were incorporated in the 7 th to 10 th centuries, as the Romanian language took definite shape.

Speakers of French, Italian and Spanish will not be able to understand much spoken Romanian but will find written Romanian more or less comprehensible (Romania Language). Economic Analysis Romania, one of the poorest countries in Central and Eastern Europe, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Over the past decade, economic restructuring has lagged behind most other countries in the region. Consequently, living standards have continued to fall - real wages are down over 40 %. Corruption too has worsened. The EU ranks Romania last among enlargement candidates and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) rates Romania's transition progress the region's worst.

The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. A new government elected in November 2000 promises to promote economic reform. Bucharest hopes to receive financial and technical assistance from international financial institutions and Western governments; negotiations over a new IMF standby agreement are to begin early in 2001. If reform stalls, Romania's ability to borrow from both public and private sources could quickly dry up, leading to another financial crisis (CIA, 5). Romania's population at July 2001 was around 22, 364, 022.

Their age structure from zero to fourteen was 17. 95 percent, fifteen to sixty-four was 68. 51 percent and sixty-five to older was 13. 54 percent. The population growth rate is less than the year 2000, at -. 21 percent. Birth rate is 10. 8 birth/ 1000 population at 2001 EST. The sex ratio at birth is 1. 06 male (s) /female, under 15 years: 1. 05 male (s) /female, 15 to 64 years: 0. 99 male (s) /female, 65 years and over is 0. 71 male (s) /female. Migration rates is V 0. 6 migrant (s) / 1000 population at 2001 EST. The largest ethnic groups in Romanian are Romanian 89. 5 percent, Hungarian 7. 1 percent, Roma 1. 8 percent, German 0. 5 percent, Ukrainian 0. 3 percent and other is 0. 8 percent at year 1992.

In the year 2000, Romania Gross National Product total was $ 132. 5 billion. The real GDP growth rate was 2. 2 percent. The annual personal income per capita is around $ 1500. If their personal income is compared with Hungary's annual personal income of $ 4500 per capita, their income is $ 3000 difference (Kaplan). The household income by percentage share is 3. 8 percent at its lowest and 20. 2 percent at its highest. While the industrial sector was increasing its relative contribution to national income, it underwent a radical structural change.

Three branches became much more important: engineering and metalworking accounted for 25. 8 percent of all industrial production in 1990, compared with 13. 3 percent in 1950, while electricity and fuels increased their share from 13. 2 to 19 percent and chemicals from 3. 1 to 9. 6 percent. Two other branches, metallurgy and building materials, showed a slight relative advance. The main relative declines were in wood processing, paper and food processing (Natural Resource). Romania has rich natural resources and it needs surface transportation to help transfer to industries. The total railways in Romania are 11, 385 km long; highways are 153, 359 km long that used to connect all the cities.

It has 25 airports and one heliport but 40 cities only Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina and Tulcea have ports and harbors (CIA). Communication, one general system that helps people keeps in touch to each other, either industry. One famous communication that everyone will use is the telephone. Romania has 3. 777 -million phone line in use at 1997 (CIA). Mobile cellular usage rate is build up to 645, 500 at 1999. In domestic, 90 % of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3, 300 villages have no service.

For their international telephone system, it has satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects. Romanian labor law cover working hours, minimum wages, statutory holidays, paid holidays and paid maternity leave. The legislation provides for social security benefits paid for by employer- and employee- contributions. The main problem which workers face is that minimum wages do not reach the level of a living wage.

The legal minimum wage for the industry is 600, 000 Lei (gross), which is 325, 000 Lei (net). Different workers and trade union representatives said a living wage of a family consisting of 2 adults and 2 children is 2, 000, 000 Lei per month ($ 250, -) (Garment). When a worker does not reach the target, she does not make the basic wage. Many workers complain that targets cannot be reached in a 40 -hour workweek.

According to the labor law, overtime hours should be paid 200 %. In most cases, workers earn the same rate for overtime. Besides, wages do not keep up with the inflation rate. Another problem that workers face is that they never know in advance how many orders, and consequently how much work there is. One factory manager said: "People slowly start to see that you have to work for your salary. Before the revolution, it was different.

There is an old joke: "We pretend to work while the state pretends to pay" Before everybody was sure of having a job. In the beginning, people still wanted to work little and earn little. Now this is changing, people want to earn more so they choose to work more. People see so many luxurious things in the shops, which they would like to have.

This creates problems because people start buying on credit and then they won't be able to pay it back" This picture of wanting to work more in order to be able to buy luxurious goods is rather rosy: most people do not earn a living wage and thus, are forced to work as much as possible. The insecurity of not knowing when there is work makes things worse (Garment). Only small parts of the workforce in the factories are men. They usually work as technicians and cutters.

All managers and trade union representatives claim that wages are the same for men and women. There are safety demands in the law, which have to be respected by all companies. In every company, there is a committee for safety, which consists of the management, union and safety inspectors of the factory. Hazardous working conditions should be compensated with a wage increase of 35 %. According to a union representative, in practice an average increase of 12 % is paid.

This regulation is meant to be a compensation for temporary failures in working conditions. However, in many cases improvements are never made. The Industries that Romania has is divided into three sectors, agriculture, industry and services. From the CIA world fact book provided agriculture contribute 13. 9 percent, industry contribute 32. 6 percent and services contribute 53. 5 percent for Gross Domestic Product.

The Eastern Europe countries are now one of the most attractive investment places and, among these countries, Romania takes an outstanding place, due to its position and natural resources. The privatization process is a never-to-come-back opportunity to invest in a country with good development capabilities and offers the possibility to save, prices being more than attractive (Smart Investor page). The largest industry in Romania is clothing. The other industries are also included with textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, and petroleum refining (CIA). According to the data supplied by the Romanian Customs Administration, within the activity of foreign trade in 2000, FOB exports amounted to USD 10, 366. 5 million by 21. 9 % over the level of 1999 FOB exports (+ USD 1, 863. 5 million), representing the...


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Research essay sample on Men And Women Minimum Wages

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