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Example research essay topic: Men And Women Prime Minister - 1,469 words

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Cultural analysis Harlequin was founded in 1949. In its early years the company published a wide range of American and British paperbacks, including mysteries, Westerns, and cookbooks. It was not until 1957 that Harlequin began buying rights from Mills & Boon, a British publisher of romance fiction that started in 1909. Mary Bonnycastle, wife of the founder, noticed the enormous popularity of "these nice little books with happy endings, " and suggested the company concentrate on them. By 1964 Harlequin was publishing romance fiction exclusively (Harlequin history). The company wants to export the Harlequin Romance Stories to Eastern Europe, Romania being the first country Harlequin chose to trade their products with.

Romania became independent following the 1878 Berlin Congress. It gained territory after World War I, but lost some to the Soviet Union and Bulgaria in 1940. When Soviet troops entered the country in 1944, King Michael dismissed the pro-German regime and backed the Allies (Freedom house 1 - 3). In 1945, he was forced to accept a Communist-led coalition government. The autarkic economics and repressive governance of Communist strongman Nicolae Ceausescu devastated Romania during his rule from 1965 to 1989. On December 25, 1989, Ceausescu was tried and executed following a popular uprising and palace coup by disgruntled Communists.

A provisional government was formed under President Ion Iliescu, a high-ranking Communist and leader of the National Salvation Front (NSF). The 1992 parliamentary elections saw the NSF split between neo-Communist and more reformist members. In November 1996, the reformer, Emil Constantinescu, of the Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), defeated Iliescu with 54. 41 percent of the votes while Ion Iliescu scored 45. 59 percent in the presidential elections. The CDR won 122 seats in the chamber of deputies (lower house) and 53 seats in the senate. Iliescu's Party of Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR) won 91 seats in the lower house and 41 seats in the senate (Freedom 1 - 3). Victor Ciorbea, a lawyer, former labor leader, and ex-mayor of Bucharest, was chosen prime minister to lead the coalition government.

In March 1998, Ciorbea resigned and Radu Vasile, secretary general of the National Peasant Party Christian Democratic became prime minister. Romania's frustration about its economic position has created a lack of confidence and support for Constantinescu's coalition government (CDR), which is comprised of National Peasant Party Christian Democrats (PNTCD), Social Democrats (USD), Liberals (PNL), and ethnic Hungarians (UDMR) (Freedom, 1 - 3). In December, Constantinescu dismissed Prime Minister Vasile after ten of the seventeen cabinet members had resigned. Vasile was accused of failing to speed up economic reforms and improve living conditions. The head of the Central Bank of Romania (BNR), Mugur Isarescu, replaced Vasile as prime minister. The latest opinion poll in December shows Iliescu leading with 40 percent and Constantinescu trailing at 23 percent.

The economy is in its third consecutive year of contraction, having suffered severe weather conditions and trade losses resulting from blocked shipping on the Danube due to the Kosovo war. The IMF also had posed strict conditions for the disbursement of a loan of US$ 547 million this year, including adopting a budget with a deficit of no more than 2. 5 percent of gross domestic product and obtaining US$ 350 million in private loans before signing the deal (Freedom house 1 - 3). The government met another demand; the absorption by Banca Commercial Romana of the state Bancorex bank. The IMF loan enabled Romania to receive US$ 325 million in World Bank loans and US$ 207 million in credits from the EU, all of which helped to avoid default on Romania's external debt of US$ 2. 2 million and the restructuring of Romania's privatization program (Freedom house, 1 - 3). Economic restructuring remains to be carried out before Romania can achieve its hope of joining the European Union. It was located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine (CIA, 1).

The climate was cold, cloudy winter with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms (CIA, 1). The terrain of Romania was central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps (CIA, 1). Family plays an important role in the day-to-day lives of Romanians. Children are considered important in a marriage. Most families have one or two children except the Romany people or Gypsies, who tend to marry earlier and have more children.

All Romanian men serve in the army from ages 19 - 21. Usually they do not marry until after their army service. The age of marriage for city dwellers is older than that of rural people (Romania Family life, 1). Most weddings in Romania include civil and religious ceremonies. In the past, married children stayed with their parents.

Now increasingly young couples live on their own. Children usually look after their parents in their old age. Only those without children or any close relatives go to nursing homes. Over 56 % of Romania's population lives in the lowlands of the country (Romania Family life, 1). Cities offer a wide range of opportunities for young people to meet. In rural settings, sometimes a traditional dance known as the Hora was a way for men and women to meet.

Romanians practise equality between men and women at home. This is true more in urban than in rural settings. In the cities, most women work outside the home. Most decisions within the family are made together. Men and women are involved in almost all activities of family life as well as public life. Traditionally, around December 20 th, it was common for families to slaughter a pig at dawn and spend the rest of the day preparing bacon and sausages (Romania Family life, 1).

The urban lifestyle of Romanians is similar to that of other people of Europe. Older people still preserve their customs while the younger generation follows the general cultural trends of today's changing world. As of the late 1980 s, compulsory education began at age six and concluded at sixteen. Despite considerable differences in quality between rural and urban schools, the first four years were fairly standard for all students and consisted of a general program taught by teachers trained in three-year pedagogical institutes. As part of the de-Sovietization program, compulsory study of Russian had been dropped, and the traditional Soviet five-point marking system had been replaced with a ten-point system.

Many students did study foreign languages, however, usually beginning in the fifth grade (Romania Primary education, 1). English and French were the most popular choices. In grades five through eight, students began to specialize and were encouraged to start learning trades. Teachers for students at this level were primarily university-trained. Secondary education, of which two years were compulsory, allowed the students three options.

The general secondary schools lasted four years and were geared toward preparing students for the university. These schools could concentrate on a specific field of study, such as economics or music or on a particular foreign language. Four- and five-year technological secondary schools trained technicians and industrial managers. Two- and three-year vocational high schools extolled by the regime, trained skilled workers. Most primary school graduates attended vocational schools. Education at the secondary level clearly reflected a technical bias (Romania Secondary Education, 1).

In the late 1980 s, the regime claimed that more than 40 percent of graduates of specialized schools went on to higher education. However, most peasant and worker families sent their children for some sort of vocational training, whereas the social and political elite secured a general secondary education, usually a college degree, and a higher social niche for their offspring. This re stratification of the education system bred resentment among the working class and was troublesome for the regime's goal of educational democratization (Romania Secondary Education, 2). Another major problem was the growth in credentials that in turn created a greater demand for more post-secondary education of all types. Nevertheless, the occupations most necessary for economic development were among the least sought, and the gap between the needs of the economy and the aspirations of young people widened. The majority of young Romanians wished to pursue higher education, even as education institutions were channeling students into production as skilled workers with specialized training.

Despite remarkable expansion in education at the primary level and increased numbers of secondary school graduates, the transition to mass higher education did not occur. Competition for entry to universities and other institutions of higher learning was extremely intense, and the procedures for admission were strict and complicated. Despite an impressive network of universities, technical colleges, academies, and conservatories, only 8 percent of those eligible for higher education were permitted to enroll (Romania Higher Education, 1). The central government allocate...


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