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Example research essay topic: Tourette Syndrome Obsessive Compulsive - 1,795 words

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... y, these rages occur in TS children who appear well-adjusted individuals. The etiology of the apparently high rates of anxiety, depression, and other emotional difficulties found in individuals with TS remains unexplained. These are likely the products of the interplay between biological vulnerabilities and experiential factors. Frequently, children and adolescents with TS are teased by their peers. They are often regarded as less likeable and more withdrawn than are their classmates.

If a child has ADHD as well, imagine how these social difficulties might be amplified. While the association between TS and OCD, ADHD, and a variety of conduct disorders have received considerable attention in the past two decades, there continues to be disagreement on the exact relationship these problems bear to TS. The natural history of these associated symptoms has not been studied systemically and is less well-defined than the causes of tic disorders. Educational Challenges: As I have already established, TS is not a disorder of tics alone; it is a complex illness that affects many areas of psychological and interpersonal functioning, which together, have a major influence on peer relationships.

This tremendous difficulty is evident in that TS kids are significantly more withdrawn, aggressive, and less popular than their mainstream classmates. Although tics are the most obvious and defining feature of the disorder, many TS patients appear to have additional difficulties, including learning disabilities that result in their placement into a Special Education classroom. Schooling represents the most significant focus of clinical management for children with TS. A survey of 200 child and adolescent cases of TS found that 36 % experienced learning problems and over 50 % were functioning below educational expectancy for several academic skills. Various combinations of several problems may impair the school performance of a child with TS. Direct effects of motor and vocal tics upon the performance of specific learning tasks are apparent in public speaking and handwriting.

Fine motor tasks may be difficult to perform when a tic can cause a writing utensil or scissors to fly out of the childs grasp. Vocal tics may interfere with oral expression. Attempts by the child to suppress tics voluntarily in classroom may redirect the energy needed for attending to classroom activities. Additionally, school performance may be inhibited by medications used to treat tics due to a variety of associated side effects, including drowsiness, cognitive blunting, anxiety, school-phobic reactions and depression. As a population, TS patients have demonstrated a high percentage of attention and learning difficulties.

On a battery of tests, one sample demonstrated tremendous difficulty with independent reading or sustained handwriting and possessed a generalized problem in focusing their attention over a period of time. Thus, TS has been linked to school failure. In fact, roughly 27 % of Special Education children suffer from TS. Reports have suggested that at least 50 % of children with TS also have a learning disability. In some cases, a childs tic may interfere with his or her learning directly.

Having the child sit close to the door so that he or she may get up as needed may be helpful. Because of the complex nature of motor and phonic tics, children with TS usually require multidisciplinary management. However, it is widely speculated that behavioral and emotional problems, rather than tics themselves are the causes of deficiencies at school. Because most cases of TS are mild, they do not come to the attention of doctors or school personnel. Thus, its contribution to school problems reveals itself in the form of ADHD, OCD, or other hindrances to success.

TS is a commonly overlooked disorder that is linked to the need for Special Education in the childhood population at large. The presence of tics is associated with academic difficulty and may signify an underlying dysfunction of neurological development that demands attention. Conclusion: One out of four students in Special Education classes has a tic-related disorder like Tourette Syndrome, and the rate of Tourette's among students in the general population is much higher than has been traditionally thought by doctors. TS comes in many forms, including variations much milder than the profanity-spewing, limb-jerking characters seen on television shows like Ally McBeal.

New findings should raise awareness, especially among teachers and doctors children who are performing poorly in school and who have tics may need medical treatment, and such treatment could ease school difficulties for these students. While tics like barking obscenities or jerking ones head are easy to spot, there are a slew of other repetitive and involuntary movements or vocalizations tics that are usually overlooked by family, and school and medical personnel. Common tics include rapid eye-blinking, scrunching up ones nose, little jerks of the head, facial twitches, or even constant sniffing or clearing ones throat repeatedly. The fact that a child has tics probably signifies a subtle brain developmental disorder. Tics are observable markers that this person is more likely to have problems in school. Researchers have linked Tourette syndrome to an area of the brain that is involved in controlling movement and plays an important role in attention, concentration, and decision-making.

Thus, many TS patients have also been diagnosed as ADHD, OCD, or possessing some learning disabilities. So it should not be a surprise that the same factors that affect children with ADHD and these other disorders are also stumbling blocks for children with TS. It makes sense that students with TS would be more likely than students with other disabilities to end up in Special Education classes. However, with the proper training, teachers should be able to recognize most tics and thus identify some students more likely than their peers to have difficulty in school. Works Cited Bauer, Anne M. and Shea, Thomas M. (1984).

Tourette Syndrome: A Review and Educational Implications. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14. 1, 69 - 80. Bruun, Ruth Dowling. (1988). The Natural History of Tourette's Syndrome.

In Donald J. Cohen, Ruth D. Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 22 - 39). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Burd, Larry et al. (1992).

Tourette Syndrome and Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25. 9, 598 - 604. Carter, Alice S. et al. (1994). A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33. 3, 377 - 385.

Comings, David E. and Comings, Brenda E. (1988). Tourette's Syndrome and Attention Deficit Disorder. In Donald J. Cohen, Ruth D.

Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 120 - 135). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Goetz, C. G. and Klawans, H.

L. (1982). Gilles de la Tourette on Tourette Syndrome. In Arnold J. Friedhoff & Thomas N.

Chase (Eds. ), Advances in Neurology (pp. 1 - 16). New York: Rave Press. Having, Rosa A. and Kugler, John. (1988).

School Problems Associated with Tourette's Syndrome. In Donald J. Cohen, Ruth D. Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 224 - 236). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Jankovic, Joseph. (1992). Diagnosis and Classification of Tics and Tourette Syndrome. In T. N. Chase, A.

J. Friedhoff and D. J. Cohen (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 7 - 14). New York: Raven Press.

King, Robert A. and Scahill, Lawrence. (2001). Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Associated with Tourette Syndrome. In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 79 - 88). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Kurlan, Roger. (1992). Tourette Syndrome in a Special Education Population. In T. N. Chase, A. J.

Friedhoff and D. J. Cohen (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 75 - 81). New York: Raven Press. Kurlan, Roger et al. (1994). Tourette's syndrome in a special education population: A pilot study involving a single school district.

Neurology, 44, 699 - 702 Leckman, James F. et al. (2001). Phenomenology of Tics and Natural History of Tic Disorders. In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 1 - 14). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Leckman, James F. et al. (2001). Tourette Syndrome: Pieces of the Puzzle. In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 369 - 390). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Leonard, Henrietta et al. (1992). Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In T. N.

Chase, A. J. Friedhoff and D. J. Cohen (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 83 - 93). New York: Raven Press.

Meyers, Abbey S. (1988). Social Issues of Tourette's Syndrome. In Donald J. Cohen, Ruth D. Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 258 - 264).

New York: John Wiley & Sons. Montgomery, M. Ann et al. (1982). Psychiatric Illness in Tourette Syndrome Patients and First Degree Relatives. In Arnold J. Friedhoff & Thomas N.

Chase (Eds. ), Advances in Neurology (pp. 335 - 339). New York: Rave Press. Rapin, Isabelle. (2001). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relevance to Tourette Syndrome. In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 89 - 101).

Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Riddle, Mark A. et al. (1988). Behavioral Symptoms in Tourette's Syndrome. In Donald J.

Cohen, Ruth D. Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 152 - 162). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Scahill, Lawrence et al. (2001). The Epidemiology of Tics and Tourette Syndrome in Children and Adolescents.

In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 261 - 271). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Scahill, Lawrence, et al. (1993). Tourette's Syndrome, Part II: Contemporary Approaches to Assessment and Treatment. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 7. 4, 209 - 216.

Shapiro, Arthur K. et al. (Eds. ) (1988). Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. New York: Raven Press. Shapiro, Arthur K.

and Shapiro, Elaine. (1982). Tourette Syndrome: History and Present Status. In Arnold J. Friedhoff & Thomas N. Chase (Eds. ), Advances in Neurology (pp. 17 - 23). New York: Rave Press.

Spencer, Thomas et al. (2001). Tourette Disorder and ADHD. In Donald J. Cohen et al. (Eds. ) Advances in Neurology (pp. 57 - 77). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Stokes, Aidan et al. (1991).

Peer Problems in Tourette's Disorder. Pediatrics, 87. 6, 936 - 942. Town, Kenneth E. (1988). Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette's Syndrome. In Donald J. Cohen, Ruth D.

Bruun, & James F. Leckman (Eds. ), Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 138 - 149). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wilson, Robert S. et al. (1982). Behavior Disturbance in Children with Tourette Syndrome.

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Research essay sample on Tourette Syndrome Obsessive Compulsive

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