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Example research essay topic: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Rapid Population Growth - 1,260 words

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Contraceptives have been used for over a thousand years to allow people to have safe sex. The purpose for these products is to either prevent pregnancy, protect against sexually transmitted diseases, or both. The biggest problem surrounding this issue is the number of people who have no access to proper contraceptives. For a long time this hasnt been that much of an issue because the world population was not as large or increasing as quickly as it is now. However, overpopulation is becoming a pressing issue that must be addressed and corrected. Every sexually active person should always use condoms unless in a mutually monogamous relationship.

An estimated 24 billion condoms should be used each year, but actual use is much less, at an estimated 6 to 9 billion each year. To avoid AIDS as well as other sexually transmitted diseases, more and more unmarried people are changing their sexual behavior. Some are avoiding sex entirely, while others have started using condoms. In surveyed countries 5 % to 33 % of never-married men say they have started using condoms to avoid AIDS. But many others have not adopted safe sexual behavior.

Rates of condom use are lower within marriage than among the sexually active unmarried. Yet many married couples need condoms, too, both for family planning and for protection against STDs. Narrowing the gap between condom need and use is a major public health challenge. Worldwide, at least 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, and another 14 million have died.

An estimated 16, 000 new infections occur every day. About 6 of every 10 new HIV infections are to women, and many newborns contract the virus from infected mothers. Efforts to increase condom use are a good social, economic, and health investment. More condom use would reduce rates of HIV infection and slow the spread of AIDS so that emphasis could shift from dealing with the consequences of AIDS to meeting other health needs. Despite the AIDS epidemic, many people practice risky sexual behavior even when they know that condoms prevent infections. It is unlikely that all sexually active people will always use condoms when needed.

Powerful social norms encourage men to take sexual risks, such as visiting commercial sex workers, and at the same time discourage condom use. Traditional gender roles keep women from talking about sex or asking for condoms. Wives may know that their husbands have sex outside marriage but cannot suggest condoms for fear that their husbands might abuse or reject them. There are other obstacles to condom use.

Some people know little about condoms, dislike them, cannot afford them, or cannot obtain them easily. Others believe, wrongly, that they face little or no risk of pregnancy or STDs. Unmarried young people are particularly at risk: Many face social pressures to have sex and have difficulty getting condoms. Condoms prevent infections and pregnancy -- but only when people use them correctly and consistently. Communication campaigns can help make condom use, not sexual risk-taking, the social norm. Reproductive health programs also must address the issues of trust, negotiation, and communication between partners that are important to condom use and essential to safe sexual relationships.

Condoms should be made accessible to all and provided not only through health clinics and retail shops but also in hotels, bars, grocery stores, and vending machines. Programs can reach out to more groups who need condoms, including youth, unmarried men, and commercial sex workers. Especially, programs can offer condoms at subsidized prices in retail outlets through social marketing. In the developing world social marketing supplied about 900 million condoms in 1997. Access and promotion go hand in hand. Condom promotion can improve the image of condoms, portraying them as fun, reliable, and important.

Counseling and the mass media can foster safe sexual behavior and teach condom negotiation skills. Particularly because of AIDS, most countries need to do more to encourage condom use. Governments, health programs, manufacturers, donor organizations, retailers, and health care providers must work together to assure that condom supplies, information, and services meet the growing need. One of the biggest concerns that drive efforts to make contraceptives more available is the quickly increasing world population. For three decades now, the world has become more and more concerned about the interlaced problems of rapid population growth, diminishing resources, and environmental degradation. Yet, even though birthrates have fallen significantly in most countries, demographers project further massive increases in the global population, now numbering 5. 7 billion people and expanding by some 90 million annually.

The United Nations' midrange population projection, which is considered the most likely, indicates another doubling in the next century. The U. N. 's high projection, by contrast, shows the population passing 28 billion in 2150 and continuing to climb afterwards. As biologists, we find this projection utterly unrealistic. It makes no allowance for rising death rates due to problems connected with rapid population growth, including the need to supply food to ever-more people; the appearance of novel viruses and resistant strains of old microbial enemies; and general environmental deterioration. To our minds, a likelier outcome would be population limitation resulting from some combination of plague, famine, or war.

The U. N. 's low projection is considerably more interesting. It shows the world population peaking at about 8 billion around 2050 and thereafter slowly declining, dropping below 5 billion by 2150. This assumes that fertility can soon be reduced globally to below replacement level. (Replacement level is when couples just replace themselves in the next generation -- at today's mortality rates that means an average of slightly more than two children per family -- leading eventually to zero population growth. ) The world can attain below replacement level fertility with a concerted international effort. After all, the industrialized world's average fertility is already well below replacement, and China's is not far behind.

If average fertility elsewhere in the developing world could be reduced by half by about 2015, the population surely could be held well below the U. N. 's best-guess 11. 2 billion peak. But how should a concerted international effort be framed? The answer isn't simple because the factors that determine fertility rates are extremely complex and sometimes contradictory, and they vary from culture to culture. Several decades ago, experts had little understanding of what motivates people to have smaller families, although most agreed that a major prerequisite was ensuring that more infants survived to adulthood.

They also thought that, once children were no longer income-producers, but instead cost money to feed, clothe, and educate, couples would find smaller families advantageous. But experts disagreed about the value of programs specifically oriented toward birth control. Some development specialists believed such programs were unnecessary because people would naturally desire smaller families in the wake of modernization and industrialization -- in short, development itself would be the best contraceptive. Nonetheless, family planning programs were established in many developing countries, and by the mid- 1970 s several showed striking success (among them: Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, Trinidad, Tobago, and Barbados). By 1980, the most remarkable turnaround was in China, where an indigenous program had cut the average family size by half in only 10 years, to 2. 3 children per couple, just above replacement level fertility. But these successes showed no clear correlation with development, as measured by the growth of a country's gross national product.

Some countries, such as South Korea and Taiwan, showed the expected fertility declines associated with rising Gnp's, but others, such as Mexico and Brazil, underwent considerable development wit...


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Research essay sample on Sexually Transmitted Diseases Rapid Population Growth

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