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Example research essay topic: Facets Of Russian Communism Within Fictional Utopian Literature - 2,464 words

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Historically, fictional literature has been used to reflect on the life of the time in which it is written. Authors, thrown by the system and displeased by developments, take what they know and use it to make a statement. Over the course of history, authors have jabbed huge incidents such as the French Revolution in Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, missionary invasion and Chinese poverty in Pearl S. Bucks The Good Earth, and Chinese Communism in Anchor Mins Becoming Madame Mao.

On the topic of the Russian Revolution, Russian Communism, and the plight of the countrys people, however, many volumes of fictional literature have been written. Examples of these tomes are Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, and George Orwell's Animal Farm and 1984. The ideas within these works of fiction tie in with ideas found in historical literature such as Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto, Richard Pipes Communism: A History, and lastly Ronald Gregory Sunys The Structure of Soviet History. With the use of class readings and outside readings of fictional utopian literature, a succinct image of both the facets of perfect Communism and the failings of Communism may be developed. In the order of publication, the first utopian literature to be written was by the Russian author Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin. Born in Lebedian, Russia in 1884, Zamyatin was the son of a priest and a musician.

Under czarism, he joined the Bolshevik Party and was arrested for his revolutionary activities. Even though he was exiled, he lived illegally in St Petersburg and studied to become a naval architect. After a series of lectures at the Polytechnic Institute, he was once again arrested but was quickly granted amnesty and was sent to England to aid in the construction of icebreakers. On the eve of the Russian Revolution, he returned to Russia. Although in favour with the Party for a long time following his return to Russia, he began to grow weary of the Partys repression of freedoms and the harshness of the new regime. Quickly the tables turned and Zamyatin found all of his large body of work, which included stories, plays, essays, and many Soviet newspaper articles, banned.

After writing a letter to Josef Stalin, Zamyatin was able to go into exile with his wife and died in poverty in Paris in 1937. It wasnt until Mikhail Gorbachev's reign that his pieces such as We were once again published. The original utopian piece, We, takes place in the far-future world of One State. The narrator is D- 503, a mathematician in charge of the architecture and engineering for One States space ship the INTEGRAL.

The people of One State intend to use the INTEGRAL to take their way of life to other societies; this way of life is one dominated by mathematics and the near-worship of their overlord, the Benefactor. D 503, completely comfortable in the literal bubble of One State, has his meaning of existence challenged by a radical woman, I- 330. Over a short amount of time, I- 330 pulls D- 503 into the outside world and begins his mental degradation. He begins to challenge the ideas of the society in which he lives and loses touch with his closest friends.

His entire way of life begins to change to something that resembles what a free mans life would be. He enjoys sexual encounters with I- 330, is attracted to old things (something that should never be loved by people of One State) lying around the house to which he goes with I- 330, and starts to miss his scheduled times with his former lover O- 90. O picks up on this and decides to follow D- 503, but in her own way, by conceiving a child. With the help of I- 330, O moves to the outside with the savages where she will be safe from the arms of One State.

By the end, D- 503 has gone full circle. In the beginning, he was the perfect drone of One State, and then he rebelled against their ideas. But after he participates in an attempted coup by the savages and I- 330, all of the people involved are taken in for reconditioning. I- 330 is tortured whilst the others are forced to have the Great Operation, an operation that effectively removes all traces of the soul, which was something that D- 503 had gained over the course of the book. Therefore, like in all of the Utopian literature featured, the people of the system were not able to escape and overcome it but were rather crushed by the head. Chronologically, the next book was Aldous Leonard Huxley's Brave New World.

Huxley was born to a well-to-do English family in 1894. When he was fourteen, his mother died, and soon after he suffered an ailment that led to complete blindness for a year and a half. Eventually he regained his sight enough to attend college at Balliol College, Oxford where he earned his Bachelors in English. Because of his eye troubles, Huxley was unable to peruse either a career as a scientist or be a soldier at the front in World War I. Because of this, he turned to writing. Although he started with poetry and the editing of articles, he moved on to books that were mostly satirical in regards to the days current events.

It was during this time that he first attacked Marx's The Communist Manifesto in his essay collection Do What You Will. In 1932, Huxley wrote his novel Brave New World, which ended up turning over H. G. Wells standing optimism regarding the advancement of science. It was a response to his fears regarding the mass changes of his time and was eagerly picked up by people across the world, especially in England and the United States. Soon after writing Brave New World, Huxley moved to the United States and turned away from pure fictional writing and began to write screenplays.

Close to the end of his life, he wrote Brave New World Revisited, which took into account the developments in nuclear sciences. He also wrote two new books regarding drug use and had started more, but after his house was destroyed in a fire, he stopped writing. Huxley died in 1963 in Los Angeles, California. Brave New World is a slightly different variation of the over-all theme of Communism, but somehow it has the exact same feeling as We.

Inexplicably, Huxley had no prior knowledge of We when he was writing Brave New World. This novel, set far in the future, features a society dependent on new technology and the drug soma; this society, unlike the picture of perfect Communism, is one broken down into harsh classes. These classes, however, are so ingrained in the culture that no one wishes to be in a different class. Children are not born but rather created in factories and then educated and raised by the government.

This government is headed by a group of World Controllers and the focus is on the section of the world run by Mustapha Mond. Over the course of the book, Bernard Marx, an Alpha psychologist, falls in love with Lenina Crowne, a Beta nurse at one of the human hatching facilities. Although Bernard is named after the famous author of The Communist Manifesto fame, he is very insecure regarding his place in society and has difficulty fitting in. Lenina herself is relatively unorthodox in the world, which pulls the two of them together.

Both venture into the savage world where they find what life used to be like much like Wes D- 503. They bring back the ideas of the old world in the form of one of these savage beings and his mother who used to live in the World State. Unlike in We, people are fascinated and amused by this savage being, John. John, however, cannot take the pressure of World State and it eventually beats him like the characters in the other utopian literatures were beaten, only he ends up killing himself rather than being re-educated by the new governing system. The last books in order of publishing are Animal Farm and 1984, both written by the British author George Orwell. Orwell, born as Eric Arthur Blair in India in 1903, was Eton-educated and began writing for college newspapers during his time in England.

When in England, he began to develop his distaste for the English class systems. His hate towards the class system was solidified after he failed to win a scholarship to university and was forced to return to India, where he served in the Indian Imperial Police. However, he also began to dislike the imperial rule of India, and in 1927, he resigned. From this experience, he was able to write a collection of essays on the topic of the behaviours of colonial officers that he called Shooting an Elephant.

Following his resignation, he moved to Europe where he was a beggar working low-paid jobs. He continued to write and used his experiences floating around as help in his writing. In 1933, he finally adopted his pseudonym, George Orwell. A few years later, Orwell had adopted decidedly socialist views and moved to Spain with his wife. There he fought with the Marxist Party militia and ended up being shot through the throat.

In the end, the Stalinist's on his side began to hunt down and imprison Anarchists; his friends were thrown into jail, but Orwell managed to escape with his wife. This experience made him very anti-Communism whilst making him a fervent supporter of the English Socialist party. It was during the Second World War that Orwell wrote his novel Animal Farm, a thinly veiled stab at Stalin's Russia. Right before his death of tuberculosis in 1950, his book 1984, which showed the horrors of a world without free speech and full of corruption of the truth. Animal Farm, the most literal of any of the pieces of literature used in this essay, is based completely on the dictatorship of Josef Stalin.

Mr Jones, the owner of Manor Farm, abuses the animals and doesnt give them as much to eat as he receives himself. One night, Old Major, a prize-winning pig on the farm who is based on Vladimir Lenin, tells the other animals that he had a dream about a time where the farm would be completely run by the animals themselves with no human to force his power upon them. Unfortunately, he dies before his idea is able to take shape. In step Snowball and Napoleon, or Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin, a pig and boar who lay out the ideas of Animalism. Eventually, the animals manage to run the humans off of the farm and rename the farm Animal Farm. Although ridiculed by the people around them, they start out with a very pleasant life and work very cooperatively.

As the years go on, however, Napoleon begins to take complete control, running off Snowball with his guard dogs; eventually, all pigs and dogs are given more than any other animals and yet they do no work for the good of the farm itself. By the end of the novel, the pigs have become exactly like the humans who preceded them, walking on their hind legs and drinking liquor, much like the Stalinist dictatorship became like a harsher version of tsarist Russia. Lastly, 1984 was written. Unlike the other books, this one did not take place in a far away time; for many of the people reading it, 1984 was in their lifetimes. The book centres about Winston Smith, a lower member of the Party in the nation of Oceania. Wherever he goes, he is watched by the omnipresent Big Brother, head of the entire Party in Oceania.

Everyones thoughts are controlled by images and commands given by the Party, even going so far as to accuse people of thought crime, and Winston's job is in the department that assures that anything that time has proven false is changed. Although he has his doubts about the governance system, he keeps them to himself to protect himself. He hides from the tele screen, keeping a diary of seemingly unconnected thoughts that he insists in his mind is written to a member of the Inner Party by the name of Obrian. Although he starts by hating a certain woman, in the end they become lovers. Julia is as rebellious as he could ever hope to be (though she rebels for completely different reasons than Winston), however she hides herself well, volunteering for Party organisations and working at many pro-Party events. They continue their secret love affair by venturing into the prole district of Oceania, making love and talking in a store run by Mr Charrington, a man who is seemingly an old prole, or non-Party member.

After a meeting with Obrian that offers to give Winston and Julia access to a book written by Emmanuel Goldstein, the main enemy of the party. They read it together in Charrington's store until the governments troops come in; Charrington and Obrian, both members of the Thought Police, had betrayed Julia and Winston. Both are taken to the not-so-aptly-named Ministry of Love where both are tortured for months until their spirits are broken. By the end of the novel, Winston and Julia have both been completely reeducated by the government and find that they no longer hold any affection for each other. Both had betrayed the other.

Much like in We, the novel ends with Winston confessing his love for Big Brother and the government in general. The publishing of all of these books stemmed from many things, but one thing that most likely affected all of them was the publishing of Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto. Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818 to a relatively well-to-do family. He attended university at both Bonn University and Berlin University where he studied law. It was at Berlin University that he was introduced to the ideas of Hegel, who believed that things could not exist without their opposites and therefore unity could only come about by equalizing all opposites.

After his fathers death in 1838, Marx decided to begin his career as a university lecturer. He completed his doctorate at the University of Jena but could not find a position, so he turned to journalism where he found his articles were not published because of his extremely radical political views. In light of this, Marx moved to liberal Cologne, where a group known as the Cologne Circle was so pleased by his viewpoints that they named him the editor of their newspaper, The Rhenish Gazette. It was in Cologne that Marx met Moses Hess and began to attend Socialist party meetings. Heavily influenced by t...


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Research essay sample on Facets Of Russian Communism Within Fictional Utopian Literature

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