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... with inconsistent views on the limits of involvement by a government. Later, he contradicts his principles by suggesting not at once no government, but at once a better government. (Thoreau 1705). Thoreau contends that men have lost the free will to make individual decisions regarding war, slavery, and domestic issues because government imposes on its citizens only in its own self interests. (Thoreau 1706). He states government loses its integrity when willing to consider profit over the interests of its citizens, and basic human rights such as slavery and war. (Thoreau 1707).
He considers slavery as a hateful and stupid enterprise. (Eulau 119). Thoreau feels such deep disgrace being associated with a government who condones slavery, that he refuses to vote, pay taxes, and makes his only contact with this government the tax collector. (Eulau 121). Thoreau personally does not want to be bothered with the issues of government or slavery, but because of his writings he is sought out by Abolitionists to give speeches for them. He feels idealism, individualism and democracy are not achievable in a society willing to maintain slaves. (Eulau 123). He is obsessed with right, truth and justice for all citizens and encourages nonviolent resistance as the means to effectively abolish slavery. (Eulau 124). This position is different than most Abolitionists of the time.
During this time most of his attention is directed at the southern slaves states. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 is the event that leads him to become detached from the State. The treatment of a runaway slave weighs heavily on his emotions. His anger leads him to encourage people to withdraw farther from the State and its policies. (Eulau 124). He alleges citizens are inadvertently giving aid and support to the government by not refusing their existence by withdrawing in acts of passive revolution. (Eulau 121). These actions by the State lead him to actively criticize slavery.
Thoreau holds individualism, self-knowledge and self-realization are the basic elements of transcendentalism. He uses individualism in his essay by describing that a state must lose its coercive sovereignty in such a way that the law of society will function freely. (Parrington 375). The individual must voluntarily concede himself to the economic and political arms of society but moral law is the basic law and is superior to statutes and constitutions. He believes citizens of this society commit themselves to allegiance. (Parrington 375). He implies that no government can have any right over a person or property unless one will concede to it. (Thoreau 1711). His idea of self-knowledge or realization is based on his belief in keeping in touch with the one subject and source of his being.
He is a self-conscious romantic and realizes he cannot achieve perfect sharing with nature. His spiritual concerns and imagination will divert him from nature to higher and different worlds. (McIntosh 407). He tries to exist in a place between his mind and nature. His imagination does not separate him from nature but helps him to relate to it. He tries to place the spirit, body, intellectual conscious and unconsciousness into harmonious relations. (McIntosh 407). His examples of undue respect for law are soldiers going to war regardless of their personal feelings.
He emphasizes their loss of conscience and what they know to be right. (Vivas 317). Self-knowledge and realization for Thoreau is that there is no abstract state, society, or nation, only individuals; and to both, the fundamental law is the law of morality. (Vivas 317). In conclusion, the precepts of individualism, self-knowledge and self-realization are some of the elements of transcendentalism found in Civil Disobedience. Thoreau writes this essay partially in support of the Northern Abolitionist. The more he is involved the more frustrated he becomes with the issue of slavery. (Eulau 123). He feels an individual has a duty to follow his own conscious which would lead to mutual tolerance and human cooperation.
Thoreau is closed minded to the democratic process of compromise and adjustment. (Eulau 127). Although his writings suggest nonviolent resistance to an undesirable event, he can foresee circumstances where violent methods of resistance are unavoidable. (Eulau 127). Thoreau's writings have been an inspiration to many non-violent revolutionaries such as Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. Each of them used Thoreau's methods as their means to pass their message to mankind. The concept which suggests that the external is united with the internal is the focus of his writing. That man as a subject, nature the object, which shares the same divine constitution as himself, offers external images to the ideas of the mans soul. (Ruben 2).
Works Cited Buell, Lawrence, Literary Transcendentalism: Style and Vision in the American Renaissance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1973. 168, 267, 278. Drake, William Walden. Thoreau, A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962. 72 - 75. Eulau, Heinz, Wayside Challenger: Some Remarks on the Politics of Henry David Thoreau.
Thoreau, A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962. 118 - 124, 127. Hyman, Stanley E. , Henry Thoreau In Our Time. Thoreau, A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962. 24.
McIntosh, James, in his Thoreau As Romantic Naturalist: His Shifting Stance toward Nature, Cornell University Press. 1974. 310. Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticisms, Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris, et al.
Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1985. 407. 42 vols. Parrington, Vernon L. , Henry Thoreau-Transcendental Economist, in his Mail Currents in American Thought, an Interpretation of American Literature from the Beginnings to 1920: The Romantic Revolution in America, 1800 - 1860, Vol. 2, Harcourt Brace Jovanovic h, 1927. 392 - 406. Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticisms, Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris, et al.
Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1985. 374 - 376. 42 vols. Reuben, Paul P. Chapter 4: American Transcendentalism: An Introduction. PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide. URL: web June 10, 1998. 2 - 4.
Thoreau, Henry D. , et al. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Civil Disobedience. 4 th Ed. Vol. 1, New York: W. W.
Norton and Company. 1994. 1705 - 1711. Henry David Thoreau. Dictionary of Literary Biography. American Renaissance in New England: Colonization to the American Renaissance, 1640 - 1865. Detroit: 1978. 174. Vivas, Eliseo.
Thoreau: The Paradox of Youth. In the New Student, Vol. 7, No. 23. (March 7, 1928) 5 - 8, 15. Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticisms, Ed. Janet Mullane, et al. Vol. 21.
Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1989. 317 - 318. 42 vols.
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