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1960 - 1970 Table Of Contents Womens Movement I. Gloria Steinem pages 1 - 4 Cold War I. Life into Orbit pages 5 - 7 II. Arms Race pages 8 - 12 III. Berlin Wall pages 12 - 20 Bibliography pages 21 - 22 Gloria Steinem Gloria Steinem is heroine. When she was little, Gloria lived with her crazy mother.
Gloria went to graduate from Smith College, and then she moved to India to study. While she was in India, she realizes just how much females were discriminated against. In India it was much worse than the USA but still. When she came back to the United States, She became a journalist. She started the Ms.
Magazine, which looks issues from a feminist point of view. Gloria Steinem made the way for independent women and made her point known to America. Gloria Steinem was born March 25, 1934 to Ruth and Leo Steinem. Leo was from a well known family in Toledo, Ohio; his dad was good at his trades and his mother was a pioneer in the women's suffrage movement. Leos mother helped write Ohio's first juvenile court laws, she even made a high school and was the first woman on the Toledo Board of Education. Leos mothers love for work, however, didnt rub off on her son.
Gloria's mother, Ruth, was the daughter of a railroad engineer and a teacher. Growing up in Toledo, Ruth worked hard for her scholar. Ruth became a respected newspaper writer. When Gloria was born, Ruth had stopped working and was taken to the hospital for a nervous breakdown.
During the winter, the Steinem family traveled, buying and selling antiques and Ruth tutored Gloria and her little sister. The rest of the year, they lived at a resort in Michigan that Leo, her dad, had built in hopes that it would attract big bands. Here, a cigarette girl taught Gloria to tap dance, fueling her dream of becoming a dancer (Roulette). When World War II started, the resort closed and Ruth became more and more depressed. With her dad gone and her little sister at college, Gloria cared for her mother by herself. To make some money, Gloria put her dance lessons to use and danced everywhere, doing several jobs.
These early years taught her independence and the ability to handle doubt. Gloria went to Smith College, a female counterpart to the (literally) all-male Ivy League schools. When Ruth found out that her daughter had been accepted, she sold her house to help pay for tuition. Ruth was determined to give her daughter Gloria the college experience she'd never had. Gloria majored in government and spent her junior year in Switzerland studying European politics. Gloria later accepted a two-year, post-graduate fellowship in India.
Right before leaving, Gloria found out she was pregnant. Since abortions were illegal in the United States, she went to England. In the end, Gloria found out for herself how women felt about unwanted pregnancies, which led her to organize women's right to control their bodies. (The movement later made abortions legal, because people figured that women would be more likely to live if the abortions were able to be done in a hospital with a doctor, not in back alleys with untrained persons. ) In India, Gloria took classes in New Delhi and Calcutta, but then she decided that she could learn more by experiencing India firsthand. She became active in Indian politics and traveled the country. Involved in the Bhoodan (land gift movement), Gloria walked all over India, protesting the landlord-tenant system. During the years that Gloria spent in India studying and being an activist, Gloria also wrote for Indian newspapers and created a guidebook for the government whose purpose was to encourage more American students and professors to study there.
Gloria later and very reluctantly returned home in 1958. In the 1970 s, a new era of feminism came over the country Gloria Steinem as the activist leader. Gloria believed that men and women should be treated equally, just the same as whites and blacks were regarded as equals under the law. Gloria supported the Equal Rights Amendment, which stated that women could not be discriminated against because of their sex.
She also was a pro-choice (abortion rights) representative, believing that women should be able to decide what's best for their bodies. During this decade, Gloria organized the largest women's-rights demonstration in American history: the Women's Strike for Equality. Across the country, rallies, marches, pickets, sit-ins and lectures. Even after all this and when women finally won the right to vote, it seemed that the nation was still dazed. In 1971, Gloria started the National Women's Political Caucus (or group), an organization that encouraged women to run for political office, and the Women's Action Alliance, supporting feminist projects. Gloria created a newsletter for the WAA, titled Ms.
Magazine, the first national feminist magazine since Susan B. Anthony edited Revolution. It talked about women's problems such as working or managing a home, relationships with husbands, medical or sexual issues, and getting an education. There were NO fashion pages, recipes OR make-up tips were included. The idea that women should be treated as equals to men dazzled the American nation, both men and women. Gloria Steinem is possibly the most outstanding activist in the Women's Rights movement of the twentieth century.
Women were given the green light to demand equal pay for equal work. Men were encouraged to participate in family life, from caring for children to cooking and cleaning. Women were no longer viewed as needing a man for survival; they could stand on their own. These ideas were popularized in Ms. Magazine, and as an intellectual, outspoken, and attractive woman, Gloria Steinman actually showed her ideas, she worked and helped with every one of them. There is much to respect about Gloria Steinem.
She stood up for what she believed in and did what few people (women) even considered, by making a national feminist magazine. From her chaotic childhood in Ohio to her studies in India, Gloria is and always will been a leader. She is an American representation in every sense. Life into Orbit When you know youre about to do something perilous, you usually have something or some one do it before you to know if it is safe or not.
This is the story of how we, the human race, were able to go into orbit: because of the sacrifice of animals such as dogs, monkeys etc. , who went before us to test our outer space and orbit experiments. The first animal ever put into orbit was a dog-named Laika, which means Barker in Russian. She was sent in the rocket, Sputnik 2. There were life supports and other essentials for a living breathing animal on board. Even though the craft didnt make it far and was lost in space after a couple of days, Laika and Sputnik two are still remembered today. Laika for her set example that a living being could be sent onto orbit and Sputnik as a building block for other spacecrafts for the future.
The USA named Laika, Muttnik and soon after Muttnik captured the hearts of many citizens. Her batteries for life support ran out, and later Sputnik 2 fell out of orbit and burned on April 14, 1958. There is even a monument in Star City out side of Moscow, erected just for her! (I realize this isnt in the 60 s but its a building block! ) There were many dogs like Laika, all sent into outer space. Some came back and others didnt. Here is a small list of their names: Bars (Panther or Lynx), Lisichka (Little Fox), Below (Squirrel), Strelka (Little Arrow), Pchelka (Little Bee), Mushka (Little Fly), Data (Little Lady), Krasavka (Beauty), Chernushka (Blackie), Zvezdochka (Little Star), Verterok or Veter ok (Little Wind) and Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal). Laika, Bars, Lisichka, Pchelka, and Mushka were the dogs that died during their orbit.
These dogs and many more animals including cats, frogs, chimpanzees, monkeys, rats, mice and plants were all used in experimentation for our own good. They were all used and not all survived. They became building blocks for the worlds to send human beings into orbit. Alan Shepard was the first male American to be launched into orbit. Even on a 15 minute flight of less than one orbit in the Mercury capsule Freedom 7 May 5, 1961; It was still a great experience for the USA to finally be able to say, Hey weve been there too! There was a conflict for women to go into orbit, Jerrie Cobb a male part of the Mercury 13 craft complained to congress that NASA wasnt giving women equal rights to go into orbit.
Space hero John Glenn even talked to congress and said that the space agency wasnt following the nations social order, when NASA wouldnt allow women to fly. In the end, the race to get the first man into space really just help us build more efficient flight machines, and to discover our universe. We learned more about space, and the worlds in it. We became more adapted, for we learned a very important thing people could live off our Earth. If our all of a sudden our planet just died, were prepared to go live on the moon, or some where else. The Arms Race The nuclear arms race started during World War II when the United States were told that the Nazi's could possibly be building a weapon of mass destruction the atom bomb.
The United States, realizing that if the Nazi's could possibly even, with a tiny amount of possibility, make this weapon would be making them unstoppable. So the US, not liking to be held one step below any one started their own nuclear weapons program, called the Manhattan Project. The U. S. won the first nuclear arms race when they tested the first nuclear weapon on the Alamogordo Bombing Range in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.
The modern nuclear arms race, that is the race between the US, under Harry Truman, and the USSR (Russians), under Joseph Stalin, began in 1946, when the American representative of the newly formed United Nations (UN), Bernard Baruch, suggested that nuclear weapons be eliminated. The Russians refused this proposition and the arms race started. From the time between 1946 and 1949, little in the way of advances came for nuclear weapons. Americans were satisfied with their atomic weapons while the Russians were quickly trying to create their own atomic force. They succeeded in August of 1949 with their first nuclear test.
The Americans responded to this test with the development of the Hydrogen Bomb Program. Hydrogen bombs are considered "clean" nuclear weapons, that is they give off little radiation but has a tremendous explosive force. These weapons can be thousands of times more powerful than those dropped on Japan. The US tested its first hydrogen bomb in March of 1954. The bomb was dropped from an American bomber; it literally made a small island in the South Pacific Ocean disappear. The first Soviet thermonuclear test was in 1955, when the USSR dropped their thermonuclear device in Kazakhstan.
Since these tests, a neutron bomb has been developed. This weapon has a smaller explosion than the atom and hydrogen bombs, but makes large amounts of penetrating radiation. This weapon, if it were used, would primarily on a battleground by artillery to take out enemy troop and armor positions, kill the soldiers but cause little damage to equipment. The focus of the arms race was to develop an effective first strike capability. First strike capability is the ability to effectively disable the enemy's military and political force, making retaliation impossible. Once each side has reached what they saw as an effective first strike capability, the need rise to develop a second strike force.
This force would let a nation surprised by a nuclear attack to retaliate with a full nuclear force. The popular belief at the time was that once each side had an effective second strike force, that stability would result as each side would realize the pointlessness of using nuclear weapons, even with their first strike, they would still be hit with the rival nations second strike force. (Like a neatly fit puzzle) This concept became known as mutually assured destruction. The number of nuclear weapons held by the United States and Russia during the Cold War increased drastically because of the need for a first strike and later a second strike force. The highest numbers of nuclear warheads held by these countries was approximately 12, 000 for the USSR and 10, 000 by the US. This many nuclear weapons has the potential to destroy life on earth more than 1, 500 times over. (Oh my gosh! ) The UN (United Nations) created the Atomic Energy Commission in 1946. Renamed the UN Disarmament Committee in 1952, and later, in 1969, to The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, it was the first committee to look at issues concerning nuclear weapons and nuclear power.
The first productive treaty to come out of this committee came in 1957 when the U. S. and Russia signed an agreement to demilitarize Antarctica and to ban testing of nuclear devices there. In 1963, the first major attempt at limiting the testing of nuclear weapons came into the existence as a treaty was signed banning all except underground testing. Up to this date, almost 20 years after the first nuclear test, nearly 500 nuclear weapons had been tested in the atmosphere as well as countless others in the oceans around the world. Also, in 1963 a "hotline" was set up between the leader of the U.
S. and the leader or Russia after the Cuban Missile Crisis. The "hotline" was a direct link between leaders so that rapid communication could be done in the event of a nuclear accident and was also set up to help prevent an accidental nuclear war. In 1967 the U. S. and Russia jointly presented a proposal to the UN Disarmament Committee to try to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Major limitations were put on the testing, development, and deployment of nuclear weapons. The treaty was signed in 1968 by the five declared nuclear nations, and by 59 non-nuclear states. Some potential nuclear nations, that is, the nations with the capability to develop a nuclear weapons program, did not agree to the terms of this treaty, as it meant giving up an opportunity to become a nuclear power. Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, and Pakistan did not agree to these terms. The treaty finally went into effect in 1970. Also presented and signed in 1967 was the Outer Space Treaty, where military installations were forbidden on celestial (space / outer space) bodies as well as in orbit and nuclear weapons were also banned from space.
Another small but still important treaty, was the Seabed Arms Con...
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Research essay sample on Nuclear Arms Race World War Ii
