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Example research essay topic: Lady Brett Ashley Sun Also Rises - 4,040 words

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... he Sun Also Rises. Toward the last I was sprinting, like in a bicycle race, and I did not want to lose my speed making love or anything else and so had my wife go on a trip with two friends of hers down to the Loire. Then I finished and was hollow and lonely and needed a girl very badly. So I was in bed with a no good girl when my wife came home and had to get the girl out onto the roof of the saw mill (to cut lumber for picture frames) and change the sheets and come down to open the door of the court (Meyers 189 - 190).

This account was later rebuked by Hemingway's publisher and also by the author himself. But if this quote is still taken seriously, then one can understand Hemingway's imagination of the plot (Meyers 190). Jake could not give to Brett what she so desperately desired, nor could Hemingway to Duff, but while Jake had the excuse of his war wounds, Hemingway made the excuse of his war wounds. His disinterest in his own wife was played out to the extreme in The Sun Also Rises. One can make the argument that Hemingway's physiological state of affairs in this situation created the scenario in his mind that he himself was Jake and did not have the capability of making love like his wife desired, but yet he did have the capability and from the quote above one can also assume that he enjoyed it, which can also be argued that is why in the novel there is a castrated man and a prostitute- Lady Brett Ashley.

People tend to make situations worse off than they really are, for their sake. The reason behind this is because they can seek sympathy from other people and they can also appease themselves of any pain that has been unintentionally afflicted on them by their self. In this case with Hemingway, if the reader takes Jake to represent Hemingway, then they have compassion on him because he cannot engage his wife intimately. This novel is autobiographical in some cases, but it is more physiological than anything else. The fact that Hemingway lied about an affair with the girl while his wife was gone gives reason to think that this novel is solely based off of Hemingway's wishes and desires, just as Agnes should have died in child birth, so he should have been castrated for sympathy and reason to experiment in affairs.

Hemingway's experiences led him to write very intensely on the subjects he knew best, war, bullfighting, love lost, traveling, boxing, and being an all around outdoors man, but in The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway takes some of his life experiences and twists them and exaggerates them to analyze life as it would be if those exaggeration were real, perhaps due to some psychological reason. There truly is no plot to The Sun Also Rises; it has been classified as a plotlessness novel (Hays 49). However, the reader is presented with an extreme challenge, to look at life with no sex even when it is fully available. As it was mentioned before, Hemingway was injured, and although his injury to the genitalia did not inhibit him from engaging in intercourse, the character Jake Barnes- the narrator and protagonist- has a war injury that castrated his penis. The novel is based around this injury, because Jake becomes involved with Lady Brett Ashley who is obsessed with having sex.

It is obvious that Jake cannot satisfy these urges and obsessions that Brett has, which leads Hemingway to analyze his own love life with his injury. It is assumed that Brett loved Jake like they both had not loved before, and with her love for Jake and his inability to perform, it created a dismal situation. It has been recorded that Hemingway could not perform for Duff Twysden, his lover this novel is loosely based off of (Meyers 190). Hemingway recorded his thoughts about the wounds of war and how they could affect love, which his own experiences will be examined later. It came from a personal experience in that when I had been wounded at one time there had been an infection from pieces of wool cloth being driven into the scrotum. Because of this I got to know other kids who had genito urinary wounds and I wondered what a mans life would have been like after that if his penis had been lost and his testicles and spermatic cord remained intact... [So I] tried to find out what his problems would be when he was in love with someone who was in love with him and there was nothing they could do about it (Meyers 190).

This quote with some explanation can create a clear picture of where Hemingway was going with this. With the purposeful injury to the penis in the novel, the sex drive is still present, but it is unable to be displayed. This means that Jake could have all the feelings of a man but could not consummate them (Meyers 190). Just like Hemingway with Duff, which is still an exaggeration because he had children, he could not satisfy her desire, although unlike Jakes his desire was fulfilled.

Scholars have noted that Hemingway's inability to consummate Duff Twysden is due to the fact that he was involved with other women simultaneously. Pauline Pfeiffer and Hadley Richardson were both involved with the writer while he was involved with Duff, and yet it seems to be the case that both Pauline and Hadley knew about it all. But one must also note that he was not happy with his relationship with Duff, and according to Hemingway he had an affair with another woman besides Duff, Pauline or Hadley during the writing of The Sun Also Rises. Toward the last I was sprinting, like in a bicycle race, and I did not want to lose my speed making love or anything else and so had my wife go on a trip with two friends of hers down to the Loire. Then I finished and was hollow and lonely and needed a girl very badly. So I was in bed with a no good girl when my wife came home and had to get the girl out onto the roof of the saw mill (to cut lumber for picture frames) and change the sheets and come down to open the door of the court (Meyers 189 - 190).

This account was later rebuked by Hemingway's publisher and also by the author himself. But if this quote is still taken seriously, then one can understand Hemingway's imagination of the plot (Meyers 190). Jake could not give to Brett what she so desperately desired, nor could Hemingway to Duff, but while Jake had the excuse of his war wounds, Hemingway made the excuse of his war wounds. His disinterest in his own wife was played out to the extreme in The Sun Also Rises. One can make the argument that Hemingway's physiological state of affairs in this situation created the scenario in his mind that he himself was Jake and did not have the capability of making love like his wife desired, but yet he did have the capability and from the quote above one can also assume that he enjoyed it, which can also be argued that is why in the novel there is a castrated man and a prostitute- Lady Brett Ashley. People tend to make situations worse off than they really are, for their sake.

The reason behind this is because they can seek sympathy from other people and they can also appease themselves of any pain that has been unintentionally afflicted on them by their self. In this case with Hemingway, if the reader takes Jake to represent Hemingway, then they have compassion on him because he cannot engage his wife intimately. This novel is autobiographical in some cases, but it is more psychological than anything else. The fact that Hemingway lied about an affair with the girl while his wife was gone gives reason to think that this novel is solely based off of Hemingway's wishes and desires, just as Agnes should have died in child birth, so he should have been castrated for sympathy and reason to experiment in affairs. To look at Hemingway's writing of this novel is imperative. To start off with the obvious, he has written this novel in the first person, using the character Jake Barnes, who has an erectile dysfunction from World War I, as mentioned above.

But as one reads this novel they can notice several factors that shows how Jake feels about himself and his own characteristics through the observations of the other characters. Not only is this novel written in the first person truly representing a psychological foundation of Hemingway, it is very conversational. It has little narration in through out the text and it creates this social mood that brings the reader in close to Hemingway. It is as if Hemingway has grabbed the reader by the throat and with a forceful voice told them what he has experienced and this is how it is supposed to be. In the novel The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes is apart of the Lost Generation, or those who have no interest or have lost the ideas of justice, love, respect, masculinity, feminism, and morals. The ideas that existed with this generation after the war are heavily portrayed in Jakes life, perhaps revealing what Hemingway felt about life after his experiences.

With being involved in several affairs at once while writing the novel, several tones are present in the text. Usually people with a conscience (many believe everyone has a conscience) experience extreme guilt while participating in a morally wrong act. This next excerpt from the novel does not show guilt as much as it shows pain from the psychological trauma Hemingway experienced. To understand it more fully, the scene takes place outside the apartment of Jake Barnes after he has been stubborn to go on a trip with her. The opening quote belongs to Brett: Good night, darling. Dont be sentimental.

You make me ill. We kissed good night and Brett shivered. Id better go, she said. Good night, darling. You dont have to go.

Yes. We kissed again on the stairs and as I called for the cordon the concierge muttered something behind her door. I went back upstairs and from the open window watched Brett walking up the street to the big limousine drawn up to the curb under the arc light. She got in and it started off.

I turned around. On the table was an empty glass and a glass half-full of brandy and soda. I took them both out to the kitchen and poured the half-full glass down the sink. I turned off the gas in the dining-room, kicked off my slippers sitting on the bed, and got into bed. This was Brett, that I had felt like crying about. Then I thought of her walking up the street and stepping into the car, as I had last seen her, and of course in a little while I felt like hell again.

It is awfully easy to be hard-boiled about everything in the daytime, but at night it is another thing (Hemingway Sun 34). This conversational tone, even in the narration, is not an accident. Great writers write with intent, and Hemingway uses this conversational tone through out the novel to paint a particular picture of his pain. Another example that shows Hemingway's frustration with his wound and he deals with it concerning women comes along later in the novel with Jake, Bill, Brett, and Robert Cohn on a vacation together. Jake was suspicious of activity between Brett and Robert, so he asked Bill: I found Bill up in his room. He was shaving.

Oh, yes, he told me all about it last night, Bill said. Hes a great littler confider. He said he had a date with Brett at San Sebastian. The lying bastard! Oh, no, said Bill. Dont get sore.

Dont get sore at this stage of the trip. How did you ever happen to know this fellow anyway? Dont rub it in. Bill looked around, half-shaved, and then went on talking into the mirror while he lathered his face.

Didnt you send him with a letter to me in New York last winter? Thank God, Im a traveling man. Havent you got some more Jewish friends you could bring along? He rubbed his chin with his thumb, looked at it, and then started scraping again. Youve got some fine ones yourself. Oh, yes.

Ive got some days. But not alongside of this Robert Cohn. The funny thing is hes nice, too. I like him. But hes just so awful. He can be damn nice.

I know it. Thats the terrible part. I laughed. Yes. Go on and laugh, said Bill.

You werent out with him last night until two oclock. (Hemingway Sun 101). In this selection there is an over presiding tone of jealousy present, and the truth is Hemingway was a jealous man. A reader can see it in his writings. When it comes to love, the overall theme of Hemingway that exists in his writings is one of anger and frustration. Because of Jakes impotence, he has become a very tired and frustrated man, just like Hemingway was with his women.

If one takes a psychological stance on this issue of his writings, one can see a constant angle of envy present. The same is true for The Green Hills of Africa, A Farewell to Arms, and his short stories. But this envy and anger is not only present when it comes to love, it is present in his attitude of life. Being apart of the Lost Generation, Hemingway's view on life was very different from the common man who had not fought in World War I.

However, in his short story A Days Wait, he shows the ignorance of a young nine year old boy. This young boy contracts a fever and believes he is going to die, and his father has to remind him that he is not going to die. The boy remembers some kids telling him in France that people could not survive above forty-five degrees, and he had a 102 temperature. Clearly the French boys were talking about Centigrade while his father was talking about Fahrenheit. The father explained to the boy that it is like miles and kilometers, two different measurements both representing distance, and of course, the boy did not die.

While some, if not most people would think this short story is obsolete, it shows Hemingway's other side of writing. Perhaps this story is some hidden secret about Hemingway, such as the fact that he wanted to die but could not find the way (such as in his genitals wound), but it is too short to convey such a message. The overall theme that this story possesses is one of understanding and growth. It can be hypothesized that Hemingway was actually trying to convey that he himself knew that his exaggerations were exactly that, exaggerations.

He still had children and still experienced normal things of life, and yet perhaps these exaggerations are actually literary effect. He knows what happened, and it is all true, but yet it is so hyperbolic where several characters of his life are concentrated into one, and that adds an incredible effect on the reader. Look at the following passage from A Days Wait. The opening quote is that of the child: About what time do you think Im going to die?

he asked. What? About how long will it be before I die? You arent going to die. Whats the matter with you?

Oh, yes, I am. I heard him say a hundred and two. People dont die with a fever of one hundred and two. Thats a silly way to talk. I know they do. At school in France the boys told me you cant live with forty-four degrees.

Ive got a hundred and two. He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine oclock in the morning. You poor Schatz, I said. Poor old Schatz. Its like miles and kilometers. You arent's going to die.

Thats a different thermometer. On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind its ninety-eight. (Hemingway 36). This skewed view the young boy has about his temperature is congruent with the skewed view Hemingway had about his life. If a scholarly approach is taken and it is noticed that the majority of Hemingway's work is written in first person with an autobiographical sense, then it can be stated that the father of the boy represents Hemingway as well as the boy. Hemingway makes these exaggerated claims about himself that can be supported, yet the addition of the drama his for literary effect, and he knows it.

Yet one must not confuse the psychological assertion of love and the exaggerations. While they may seem congruent, the autobiographical sense about love is true while the real life characters are usually concentrated into one character. There are so many different reasons behind Hemingway and his artistry, but one that has not been noted on much (if not at all) is his mental reasoning behind such writings. It has been mentioned lightly above but one aspect of his work is still vague. It deals with the reasoning, and yes, it might be due to his love of women or seeking sympathy, but still, his works- if they are truly autobiographical- need to be examined from a simple viewpoint. Hemingway is a tough-guy for the lack of a better word.

But yet what is one thing a mans man needs to be considered a tough guy? Attention. Attention is what makes a man tough. If one looks at a man who is classified like Hemingway, he most likely draws attention to himself through stories, scars, looks, or having many friends. If Hemingway did not have stories or scars (such as his injuries to his genitalia) people would have most likely ignored some of his assertions, simply because he is not as a prominent a figure as another war hero or tough-guy was. Once Hemingway attained his attention that he needed, he wrote about certain topics that were asked from what would be considered normal.

There will never be any true understanding what psychological reasoning is behind this, but scholars should be able to agree that he did have an agenda, and although that agenda will most likely be unknown, theories will arise. One theory that cannot be found in any documentation is that Hemingway was in fact a weak man emotionally and he needed everything he could get from people, and he went to any extent in his work to get it. This weakness is present in many of his works. The most prevalent is in The Sun Also Rises, because he displays Jake in a pathetic state, but yet people would not say that to the mans face, they would show sympathy and be very empathetic towards him. Perhaps that is what Hemingway desired, and it can be seen in his life that he never truly got what he wanted, and thus he committed suicide.

It has been noted that suicide is a way to grab someones attention, and perhaps Hemingway tried to do one last thing to grab peoples attention and relate the pain he had but rarely showed. The National Mental Health Association (NMHA) says that there is no true answer to why people commit suicide except that there is something seriously wrong in the persons life. Hemingway did suffer from manic-depression (which is one of the signs of a suicidal person) but there are no true signs of a suicide threat in his writings. But the threats that do exist are there, a scholar must dig deeper than the surface. Hemingway had seen a lot of death in his life, most of which has been already noted, but as his life progressed, his wives had either died or left him, his mother passed away, and his emotional pain and struggle continued (web). His writings always had some death involved.

Besides his war novels, his other writings had some unraveling hint that poked at his suicide. In The Old Man and the Sea, there is a chapter where the man has his fish tied up onto the dingy and sharks begin to surround his boat and tear into the flesh of the fish. The old man, Santiago, fights off the sharks, but if one looks at the chapter closely, it almost looks like a suicide note written by Hemingway, but yet still concealing the identity of what is truly happening. Since the passage is too long to insert into this paper, excerpts will be taken out to emphasize specific and relevant points that portray this letter to the people. Another interesting thing to note is that The Old Man and the Sea was one of Hemingway's last novels, so perhaps this theory about the hinting of the suicide is even more supported. The excerpts of this novella follow: When the old man saw him coming he knew that this was a shark that had no fear at all and would do exactly what he wished.

He prepared the harpoon and made the rope fast while he watched the shark come on. The rope was short as it lacked what he had cut away to lash the fish. The old mans head was clear and good now and he was full of resolution but he had little hope. It was too good to last, he thought.

He took one look at the great fish as he watched the shark close in. It might as well have been a dream, he thought. I cannot keep him from hitting me but maybe I can get him. Dentuso, he thought. Bad luck to your mother (Hemingway Old Man 644). That quote needs some explanation, because like it was mentioned above, these hints of suicide are not completely apparent.

If one looks at each aspect of that quote with each character being analyzed separately, they can see some relation between Hemingway and his writings, but more importantly, his suicide note. The sharks represent the experiences and people of Hemingway's life, and the fish is his life. Santiago is Hemingway analyzing it himself. The sharks attack the fish, thus driving Santiago to think about the current situation.

As these experiences build up, such as one shark turning into the next, Hemingway starts to break down, as does the fish starts to be pulled apart. There seems to be no real escape from the depressing and strenuous experiences on the battlefield and off. The only escape he has is suicide. However, it is interesting to see that Santiago does not give up, perhaps the reason why Hemingway did not commit suicide early in life. Santiago fights and eventually pulls though the hard times.

This can be seen has a beacon for Hemingway himself. It is this fairy tale that he looks up to that he wishes he can be, but as all know, this great author eventually gives up, not living up to the expectations of Santiago that Hemingway himself established. To put more contemporary terms into this, Hemingway broke a New Years resolution. Scholars will always try to put some kind of reasoning into Hemingway's work, and most of the time it is the same theory being written on every time. Although this theory of Hemingway's work being completely autobiographical, scholars and researchers have failed to look at the psychological aspect of Hemingway's work. The work above proves how his work was based on psychological factors and not just his life in plain terms.

There is no doubt that every writer has some kind of autobiographical means to it, but Hemingway turns that around with his analysis of his own life in the mental state he was. His work shows himself, but not necessarily as he truly was, but perhaps as he wished he were.


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Research essay sample on Lady Brett Ashley Sun Also Rises

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