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Example research essay topic: Dust Particles Magnetic Fields - 2,093 words

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... planet from the Sun and is the third largest in the solar system. It has an equatorial diameter of 51, 800 kilometers (32, 190 miles) and orbits the Sun once every 84. 01 Earth years. It has a mean distance from the Sun of 2. 87 billion kilometers (1. 78 billion miles). The length of a day on Uranus is 17 hours 14 minutes. Uranus has at least 22 moons.

The atmosphere of Uranus is composed of 83 % hydrogen, 15 % helium, 2 % methane and small amounts of acetylene and other hydrocarbons. Methane in the upper atmosphere absorbs red light, giving Uranus its blue-green color. The atmosphere is arranged into clouds running at constant latitudes, similar to the orientation of the more vivid latitudinal bands seen on Jupiter and Saturn. Winds at mid-latitudes on Uranus blow in the direction of the planet's rotation. These winds blow at velocities of 40 to 160 meters per second (90 to 360 miles per hour). Radio science experiments found winds of about 100 meters per second blowing in the opposite direction at the equator.

Uranus is distinguished by the fact that it is tipped on its side. Its unusual position is thought to be the result of a collision with a planet-sized body early in the solar system's history. One of the most striking influences of this sideways position is its effect on the tail of the magnetic field, which is itself tilted 60 degrees from the planet's axis of rotation. The magnetotailwas shown to be twisted by the planet's rotation into a long corkscrew shape behind the planet.

The magnetic field source is unknown; the electrically conductive, super-pressurized ocean of water and ammonia once thought to lie between the core and the atmosphere now appears to be nonexistent. The magnetic fields of Earth and other planets are believed to arise from electrical currents produced in their molten cores. In 1977, the first nine rings of Uranus were discovered. During the Voyager encounters, these rings were photographed and measured, as were two other new rings and ringlets. Uranus' rings are distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The outermost epsilon ring is composed mostly of ice boulders several feet across.

A very tenuous distribution of fine dust also seems to be spread throughout the ring system. There may be a large number of narrow rings, or possibly incomplete rings or ring arcs, as small as 50 meters (160 feet) in width. The individual ring particles were found to be of low reflectivity. At least one ring, the epsilon, was found to be gray in color. The moons Cordelia and Ophelia act as shepherd satellites for the epsilon ring.

The other known rings are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. Neptune Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun. Neptune is the outermost planet of the gas giants. It has an equatorial diameter of 49, 500 kilometers (30, 760 miles). If Neptune were hollow, it could contain nearly 60 Earths.

Neptune orbits the Sun every 165 years. It has eight moons. A day on Neptune is 16 hours and 6. 7 minutes. The first two thirds of Neptune is composed of a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia and methane. The outer third is a mixture of heated gases comprised of hydrogen, helium, water and methane. Methane gives Neptune its blue cloud color.

Neptune is a dynamic planet with several large, dark spots reminiscent of Jupiter's hurricane-like storms. The largest spot, known as the Great Dark Spot, is about the size of the earth and is similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The strongest winds on any planet were measured on Neptune. Most of the winds there blow westward, opposite to the rotation of the planet. Near the Great Dark Spot, winds blow up to 2, 000 kilometers (1, 200 miles) an hour.

Neptune has a set of four rings which are narrow and very faint. The rings are made up of dust particles thought to have been made by tiny meteorites smashing into Neptune's moons. From ground based telescopes the rings appear to be arcs but from Voyager 2 the arcs turned out to be bright spots or clumps in the ring system. The exact cause of the bright clumps is unknown. The magnetic field of Neptune, like that of Uranus, is highly tilted at 47 degrees from the rotation axis and offset at least 0. 55 radii (about 13, 500 kilometers or 8, 500 miles) from the physical center. Comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the interior of the planet and not the result of that planet's sideways orientation or of any possible field reversals at either planet.

Long bright clouds, similar to cirrus clouds on Earth, were seen high in Neptune's atmosphere Pluto Pluto is (probably) the last planet to be recently discovered. Pluto is the ninth planet planet from the sun. Very little known about Pluto. Pluto is one of the smallest planet in the solar system, beside Mercury.

Pluto have only 1 moon, which it's nearly Pluto's size. That moon sometimes consider to be Pluto's twin. Pluto is usually farther from the Sun than any of the nine planets; however, due to the eccentricity of its orbit, it is closer thanNeptunefor 20 years out of its 249 year orbit. Pluto crossed Neptune's orbit January 21, 1979, made its closest approach September 5, 1989, and will remain within the orbit of Neptune until February 11, 1999. This will not occur again until September 2226. Pluto's rotation period is 6. 387 days, the same as its satellite Charon.

Although it is common for a satellite to travel in a synchronous orbit with its planet, Pluto is the only planet to rotate synchronously with the orbit of its satellite. Thus being tidally locked, Pluto and Charon continuously face each other as they travel through space. Unlike most planets, but similar to Uranus, Pluto rotates with its poles almost in its orbital plane. Pluto's rotational axis is tipped 122 degrees.

Average separation and orbital period are used to calculate Pluto and Charon's masses. Pluto's mass is about 6. 4 x 10 - 9 solar masses. This is close to 7 (was 12 x's) times the mass of Charon and approximately 0. 0021 Earth mass, or a fifth of our moon. Pluto's average density lies between 1. 8 and 2. 1 grams per cubic centimeter. It is concluded that Pluto is 50 % to 75 % rock mixed with ices. Charon's density is 1. 2 to 1. 3 g / cm 3, indicating it contains little rock.

The differences in density tell us that Pluto and Charon formed independently, although Charon's numbers derived from HST data are still being challenged by ground based observations. Pluto and Charon's origin remains in the realm of theory. Pluto's icy surface is 98 % nitrogen (N 2). Methane (CH 4) and traces of carbon monoxide (CO) are also present. The solid methane indicates that Pluto is colder than 70 Kelvin. There is a thin atmosphere that freezes and falls to the surface as the planet moves away from the Sun.

NASA plans to launch a spacecraft, the Pluto Express, in 2001 that will allow scientists to study the planet before its atmosphere freezes. The atmospheric pressure deduced for Pluto's surface is 1 / 100, 000 that of Earth's surface pressure Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a massive collision long ago. More likely, asteroids are material that never coalesced into a planet.

In fact, if the estimated total mass of all asteroids was gathered into a single object, the object would be less than 1, 500 kilometers (932 miles) across -- less than half the diameter of our Moon. Planet X Some scientists believe there is another planet, but there is one known they some do believe, there might be another planet that's affecting Neptune's obliging trails (Beside Pluto, it's way too small), there is no known proof yet. Asteroids Asteroids are rocky and metallic objects that orbit the Sun but are too small to be considered planets. They are known as minor planets. Asteroids range in size from Ceres, which has a diameter of about 1000 km, down to the size of pebbles. Sixteen asteroids have a diameter of 240 km or greater.

They have been found inside Earth's orbit to beyond Saturn's orbit. Most, however, are contained within a main belt that exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some have orbits that cross Earth's path and some have even hit the Earth in times past. Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a massive collision long ago. More likely, asteroids are material that never coalesced into a planet.

In fact, if the estimated total mass of all asteroids was gathered into a single object, the object would be less than 1, 500 kilometers (932 miles) across less than half the diameter of our Moon. Much of our understanding about asteroids comes from examining pieces of space debris that fall to the surface of Earth. Asteroids that are on a collision course with Earth are called meteoroids. When a meteoroid strikes our atmosphere at high velocity, friction causes this chunk of space matter to incinerate in a streak of light known as a meteor. If the meteoroid does not burn up completely, what's left strikes Earth's surface and is called a meteorite.

Of all the meteorites examined, 92. 8 percent are composed of silicate (stone), and 5. 7 percent are composed of iron and nickel; the rest are a mixture of the three materials. Stony meteorites are the hardest to identify since they look very much like terrestrial rocks. Because asteroids are material from the very early solar system, scientists are interested in their composition. Spacecraft that have flown through the asteroid belt have found that the belt is really quite empty and that asteroids are separated by very large distances. Comets Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. They have highly elliptical orbits that bring them very close to the Sun and swing them deeply into space, often beyond the orbit of Pluto.

Comet structures are diverse and very dynamic, but they all develop a surrounding cloud of diffuse material, called a coma, that usually grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun. Usually a small, bright nucleus (less than 10 km in diameter) is visible in the middle of the coma. The coma and the nucleus together constitute the head of the comet. As comets approach the Sun they develop enormous tails of luminous material that extend for millions of kilometers from the head, away from the Sun. When far from the Sun, the nucleus is very cold and its material is frozen solid within the nucleus.

In this state comets are sometimes referred to as a "dirty iceberg" or "dirty snowball, " since over half of their material is ice... When a comet approaches the Sun, the surface of the nucleus begins to warm, and volatiles evaporate. The evaporated molecules boil off and carry small solid particles with them, forming the comet's coma of gas and dust. When the nucleus is frozen, it can be seen only by reflected sunlight.

However, when a coma develops, dust reflects still more sunlight, and gas in the coma absorbs ultraviolet radiation and begins to fluoresce. As the comet absorbs ultraviolet light, chemical processes release hydrogen, which escapes the comet's gravity, and forms a hydrogen envelope. This envelope cannot be seen from Earth because its light is absorbed by our atmosphere, but it has been detected by spacecraft. The Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind accelerate materials away from the comet's head at differing velocities according to the size and mass of the materials.

Thus, relatively massive dust tails are accelerated slowly and tend to be curved. The ion tail is much less massive, and is accelerated so greatly that it appears as a nearly straight line extending away from the comet opposite the Sun. The following view of Comet West shows two distinct tails. The thin blue plasma tail is made up of gases and the broad white tail is made up of microscopic dust particles.


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Research essay sample on Dust Particles Magnetic Fields

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