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Example research essay topic: 100 000 People Genetic Diseases - 1,823 words

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"We [the human race]|do not have much time to prove that we are not the product of a lethal mutation" Science 263: 181, 1994 "I almost think it is the ultimate destiny of science to exterminate the human race. " Thomas Love Peacock The genetic catastrophe consists of four major genetic "epidemics" - those of cancer, vascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, and behavioral disease. There are identified approximately 250 common genetic diseases, and approximately 7, 000 "rare" genetic diseases. The list of genetic damage is growing daily. The natural rate at which mutations and genetic damage occur is reasonably constant. The larger the gene the more common genetic diseases of the gene are. Hence, more common genetic diseases are caused by mutations / damage to very large genes.

Genetic damage is far more common than generally understood. There is insufficient recognition of the magnitude of the genetic catastrophe. The concept of genetic disease has expanded during the last twenty years. The concept has now expanded to be virtually all encompassing. Even infectious diseases have some relationships to our genes. Nobel-laureate Paul berg said "all human disease is genetic. " The natural mutation frequency is about 1 mutation per 100, 000 genes per generation.

This value proves that present-day pollution is an absolute genetic tragedy because this value lies near the critical value that separates evolution from extinction. The strong increase in the gene damage of genetic diseases like cancer, vascular diseases, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, etc, is perhaps the best illustration of the magnitude of the genetic catastrophe. Certainly the victims of genetic damage are the victims of modern human activities (including science and science based technology). More than 80 percent of us are tortured and finally killed by cancer, vascular diseases, and other non-rare genetic diseases. Most of the rest of the population are tortured, and often finally killed, by so-called rare diseases. Science, in general, does not speak about a genetic catastrophe.

On the contrary, by using words like syndrome, disorder, disease, illness, defect, deficiency, failure, etc, instead of genetic damage, science, in general, is defining away and covering up the genetic catastrophe. In the US, a rare disease is defined as "one that afflicts no more than 200, 000 people. " However, one out of 10 Americans suffers from just such a rare disease. And more than 6, 000 diseases have been classified as rare, according to the US National Organization for Rare Disorders. If (when) these 6, 000 diseases reach, on average, the 200, 000 people level, then each American, on average, will suffer from more than four rare diseases. Most rare diseases are genetic diseases caused by gene damage. I our globally polluted world our genes suffer damage just through day-to-day living.

Our DNA is constantly under attack from mutagenic chemicals and radiation causing a steady build-up of heritable gene damage, in spite of the best efforts of our DNA repair enzymes and other repair mechanisms, such as the SOS repair mechanism, the cell-suicide mechanism, sterility, infertility, natural and unnatural abortion, recurrent miscarriages, death at an early age, and natural and unnatural selection. There is no evidence that there is a dose below which there is not a mutagenic effect. A small dose of chemicals / radiation to a large population does more harm to the gene pool than a large dose to a small population. In fact, the effluents causing the gene damage currently meet all environmental standards, and often the gene damage-causing chemicals are present at non-detectable levels.

We don't know what's actually happening at the genetic level. Besides, genetic damage is particularly insidious because it can take several generations for the effects to show up. Moreover, the total exposure to mutagenic chemicals and radiation is unknown. The blood of Inuit people and polar bears contains a large number of mutagenic chemicals in high concentrations.

Certainly, the romantic notions of "wilderness", "health", "science", and "technology" are outdated. Although the individual is often powerless to avoid exposure to widely used chemicals, there are examples of mutagens to which people voluntarily expose themselves, for example cigarette smoke. Unfortunately, mutagenic chemicals occur in widely divergent chemical groups, ranging from simple compounds such as formaldehyde to complex ones such as alkaloids. With every breath of cigarette smoke, the body is confronted by more than 800 mutagenic chemicals which include dioxin-like compounds. Apropos of dioxins, the gene damage of dioxins is absolutely devilish: The DNA double-helix acts like a zipper, which can open and close.

A dioxin molecule acts like a thread-like object which is preventing the zipper from being closed! ! ! All mother's milk (human and non-human) of the world contains dioxins, now and in the future! Some 150, 000 (an increasing number) American infants are born annually with serious birth defects, which include brain abnormalities and cleft palate. These 150, 000 infants are probably born in our average environment. " 44 million Americans can't read" because of the genetic damage of dyslexia. An individual may be super intelligent but he / she is unable to learn to read because of a specific genetic damage. These 44 million (an increasing number) individuals are probably born in, and live in, our average environment.

The genetic damage of cancer kills approximately 30 percent of the total US population, while the genetic damage of cardiovascular diseases kills more than 30 percent of the US population. A 20 -year-old individual may suddenly die of a cardiovascular disease. Because every human individual has about 35, 000 functional genes, there is an endless number of possible heritable genetic diseases. Furthermore, there is an endless number of possible chromosome anomalies such as chromosome breaks. Ionizing radiation is extremely efficient at causing chromosome breaks. Even gasoline vapor and high-voltage fields cause chromosome breaks.

These messy breaks are difficult or impossible for cells to repair correctly. Evidence shows that here the cell's repair-system is fallible even when it is confronted only by a minimal challenge. Even relatively low (diagnostic) doses of X-rays cause gene damage. Data strongly suggest that preconception al exposure of the mother to diagnostic doses of X-rays increases the risk of offspring with Down's syndrome.

New research results show that diagnostic doses of X-rays are both mutagenic and carcinogenic. Chemicals in the general pollution damage crucial DNA repair genes. Besides, heavy metals from background pollution damage repair enzymes (change their form and function). When a repair-gene is damaged, the gene damage will magnify the consequences of the cell's subsequent exposures to all mutagens (chemicals and radiation), because of the cell's diminished ability to repair gene damage correctly. And free radicals and other mutagens attack our DNA all the time. Cells somehow sense gene damage and activate a suicide program, called apoptosis, to kill themselves so that gene damage is not perpetuated.

This is the ultimate "brake" against cancer as well. The p 53 -gene is known to trigger apoptosis in response to gene damage in a cell. If the p 53 -gene is damaged, then an important way of preventing gene damage from being passed on to the next generation is lost. How can we stop the gene / genetic damage explosion? Genetic diseases appear to be identical across species. The elimination of genetic diseases in animals can only be accomplished through selective breeding in a clean environment.

This is not a theory, this is a fact. However, as we have shown above, the situation for our genes is enormously difficult. It looks as if the genetic diseases will be the winner of the race. Today twice as many dies of diabetes (per 100, 000 people) as before insulin was introduced. Today, in general, twice as many dies of a genetic disease (per 100, 000 people) as before a medicine was introduced. The genetic damage to human sperm cells is so enormous that we can recognize directly, by looking through a light microscope, that about 50 percent of the cells are abnormal.

There is perhaps nothing that can prevent all sperm cells to become abnormal. After all, normal cells live in the same polluted environment as the abnormal cells. Of course, the genetic damage to egg cells is even more dramatic because they are relatively few in number. Men born with a birth defect have a doubled risk, compared with other fathers, of having a child with a birth defect, a large population study revealed. Note that this situation, according to simple mathematics, leads to a genetic damage explosion. The genetic catastrophe of breast cancer develops extremely fast: Of all the women with breast cancer, only a tenth have family histories of the disease, and half of this group has a heritable gene damage causing breast cancer!

Department of Education estate that 20 percent of Americans are learning-disabled. This result is obviously wrong, because the dyslexics (20 percent of Americans) are not the only learning-disabled people in the US. The number of 6, 000 for rare diseases in the US is also wrong. Behind each of the 6, 000 diseases (mostly genetic diseases) there are lots of different types of gene damage. In the general population in Rochester, N. Y. , 3 percent had, in the year 2000, the genetic damage of Tourette's syndrome, and 20 percent had the (genetic? ) damage of a tic disorder.

The rate of 3 percent in the general population is about 50 to 75 times higher than typical estimates. It has been estimated that more than 50, 000 chemicals are in common use in the United States. Most of these chemicals have not been tested for mutagenicity. Of those that have been tested for mutagenicity, about 20 percent produced mutations in the Ames test.

Of the several million chemicals in "uncommon" use in the world, perhaps as much as about 1, 000, 000 are causing gene damage (mutations). These chemicals are working in your cells at this very moment. The natural (evolutionary) mutation rate is about one mutation per fertilized egg. If the mutation rate seriously exceeds one mutation per fertilized egg (it obviously does), then evolution is derailed. Also, if the mutation rate is one, or slightly less than one, mutation per fertilized egg, and, if, at the same time, natural selection is disturbed (it is), then evolution is derailed? And if evolution is derailed, then a genetic catastrophe is unavoidable.

Behavior is a biochemical event. Behavioral disorders often have a genetic basis. Most neuro behavioral syndromes are genetic damage. With regard to survival of the human species, damage to genes for behavioral traits ("behavioral genes") is much more dangerous than damage to genes for physical traits. A large and rapidly increasing percentage of the population suffers from genetic damage of behavioral disorders such as learning disabilities, depression, antisocial personality disorder, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, fragile-X syndrome, autism, Less-Nylon syndrome, Down syndrome, etc.

If (when) only 100 genetic behavioral disorders reach, on average, the 1 percent level, then humanity is destroyed?


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Research essay sample on 100 000 People Genetic Diseases

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