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... reme's without their genius. This created unfortunate results among many later writers. Later in the 20 th Century, Romanticism was wherever faith in the individual and his freedom from rules, restraints, systems, or even rationalism appear. Transcendentalism was a form of American Romanticism. It took place from around 1835 until the Civil War.
These writers stressed the importance of intuition and subjective experience in scientific naturalism (Gale). They rejected religious belief and texts in favor of mysticism and scientific naturalism. They pursued truths that lied beyond the colorless realms perceived by reason and the senses. These people were often the social reformers in public education, womens rights, and the abolition of slavery. Imagism was an American literary movement of the early 20 th Century. The movement started in 1909 and thrived through 1918, representing a revolt against conventional ideas of the nature and function of poetry.
Imagists used precise, clearly presented images in their works. They also used common, everyday speech aimed for conciseness, concrete imagery, and the creation of new rhymes (Gale). According to David Galloway, Imagism was a symptom of change in modern art, and to a lesser degree a force for change. Its influence on such poets as T. S. Eliot and Carl Sandburg was significant (799).
Futurism was a flamboyant literary movement that developed in France, Italy, and Russia from 1908 through the 1920 s. Its poetry abandoned traditional literary forms. In their place, followers of the movement attempted to achieve total freedom of expression through bizarre imagery and deformed or newly invented words (Gale). The Futurists were modern artists that attempted to integrate the appearances and sounds of modern life into their work.
Their works glorified danger, war, and the machine age; it also attacked academies, museums, and other establishments. It also favored the growth of fascism, which is a form of extreme right-wing ideology that celebrates a nation or a race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. Dadaism was the protest movement in the early 20 th Century. It flourished during and after World War I. The name Dada is a French word for hobbyhorse, it is said to have been chosen from a dictionary at random (Arnason 416).
Its followers expressed their fury at the destruction caused by the war by revolting against many forms of social gathering. They presented their works marked by calculated madness and flashy nonsense. They stressed total freedom of expression, commonly through primitive displays of emotion and illogical, often senseless, poetry (Gale). In about 1921 the movement transferred to France where it died. Some of Dadas spirit was carried into the surrealist movement. Surrealism was a major literary movement that began in France in the 1920 s.
According to Galloway, it reacted against aesthetic tradition and against the sterility of Dada, the surrealist sought to create a super reality that would blend the perceptions of the unconscious mind with the external realities of the phenomenal world (69). Surrealists often used grotesque themes, dreams, hallucinations, and subconscious visions in their writing. One technique was to place ordinary objects in new or illogical situations to stress the superficiality of conventional visions of reality. Around 1940, surrealism ceased to enjoy the authority of an organized movement. Some writers that used surrealism were Nathanael West, Nathalie Sarraute, James Purdy, and Michel But.
There are several different types of criticism in literature. Criticism is the systematic study and evaluation of literary works, usually based on a specific set of principles. The practice of criticism has raised numerous theories and methods sometimes conflicting with other interpretations of literature. It has even raised basic issues such as what makes up a poem or a novel. A term used in criticism is classicism; classicism is used to describe critical principles that have their roots in ancient Greek and Roman literature. Literature associated with classicism usually displays restraint on the part of the author, unity of design and purpose, clarity, simplicity, logical organization, and respect for tradition.
Neoclassicism refers to the revival of the attitudes and styles of expression in classical literature. It is normally used to describe a period of European history beginning in the late 17 th Century and ending in about 1800. It marked a return to order, proportion, restraint, logic, accuracy, and decorum. Neoclassicism writers typically reacted against the intensity and enthusiasm of the Renaissance period.
They wrote works that appealed to the intellect by using elevated language and classical literary forms such as satire. A movement in 20 th Century criticism was structuralism; it examines how literary texts arrive at their meanings, rather than the meaning itself. There are two major types of structuralism analysis: one examines the way patterns of linguistic structures unify a specific text and emphasize certain elements of that text, and the other interprets the way literary forms and conventions affect the meaning of language itself (Gale). In the late 1920 s, the New Criticism movement came about. It stressed close textual analysis in the interpretation of works of literature. Its critics saw little value in historical and biographical analysis; instead they aimed to examine the text alone and not to be influenced by external events.
Platonic Criticism was a form that stressed an artistic works usefulness as an agent of social engineering rather than any quality or value of the work itself (Franklin). Another method of criticism, developed by Jacques Derrida, characterized multiple conflicting interpretations of a given work; it was called Deconstruction. Deconstructionists consider the impact of the language of a work and suggest that the true meaning of the work is not necessarily the meaning that the author intended (Gale). Other methods of criticism include: psychoanalytic, post structuralist, new historicist, and many more.
Literature has many different interpretations that may or may not be right. A different type of criticism and form could be made up to refer to a specific story. Each type caters more specifically to one story versus another. A story could be classified as one form and another story with similar events could be categorized as a completely different one.
Of the many different types there already are many more will come and they will just be exactly what the previous types were. They will be a particular type broken down into two or three other types. Literature is kind of like cars, it started as GM, then Chevrolet, then a Camaro, and last a different model with different options. Bibliography Reminder, Ruby, Short Story, Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 Holman, C. Hugh, A Handbook to Literature, Odyssey Press, 1960 Gale, web resources Arnason, H. H. , Davis, Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 Galloway, David D. , Surrealism, Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 Franklin, John, A Reference Guide to Literature, Donald M.
Grant/Scribner, 1989
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Research essay sample on 20 Th Century Freedom Of Expression
