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Example research essay topic: 20 Th Century One Man And One Woman - 1,867 words

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... r evil or good. In spite of this the latter idea seemed to prevail. Western Europe gradually changed its attitude toward homosexuality. The Catholic Church gained influence and officially stood opposed to homosexuality. However, this was certainly not what was always practiced.

Charlemagne, who considered himself personally responsible for the creation of a Christian Europe, appears to have been quite shocked upon hearing that some of the monks in his kingdom were "sodomites. " He besought the monks "to strive to preserve themselves from such evils.".. but no civil legislation against homosexuality was enacted. (ibid 177) Post-Roman Homosexuality The break up of the Roman Empire is attributed with a time of changing attitudes toward homosexuality once again. Although some attribute homosexuality with at least a part of the reason for the collapse of the Empire, there is little, if any, evidence to support this view. However, it could be possible that one of the reasons for the increasing decline of Latin influence and rise of Germans and other Europeans is due to the fact that the Latins did not continue to have children at a growing rate. It could be that the restrictions on being exclusively homosexual found in Greece would have helped preserve Latin influence. The rise of anti-homosexual attitudes toward the end of the empire and the rise of the middle ages seems to have changed when the various states of the empire emerged.

While Roman Christianity officially held that homosexual practices were sinful, little was done to enforce this code, even among the priests and monks. Some evidence suggests that monks were often placed in logistical positions where homosexual contact would have been difficult if not impossible to control. Tolerance of homosexuality seemed to rise until about the thirteenth century. There was a time when monarch and commoner could be openly homosexual. One particular relationship brought the king of England and the king of France into the same bed, professing their love for one another. During this time there was an active homosexual subculture with influence in many areas of life including the arts and the church.

The period of conformity began with a desire to bring many subcultures together. The Inquisition followed, with many people condemned to death because of suspected or actual acts of sodomy and homosexuality. By this time, sodomy had come to be identified as nearly any kind of deviant, other than the norm, sexual behavior. The rise of intellectualism and the Protestant Reformation did little to change attitudes toward homosexuality.

The Spanish Visigoths punished homosexuals by castration. The Reformation brought stronger condemnations of those who commit homosexual acts. France punished homosexual behavior with loss of the testicles for the first offense, loss of the penis for the second offense, and death by burning at the stake for a third offense. Henry VIII outlawed homosexuality in England in 1533 with penalties including loss of property and death. Police monitored Molly Houses, or brothels for male prostitutes, and those who visited were put to death. This practice continued until the early 1700 s.

The earliest record of someone receiving the death penalty for homosexual acts in what would become a part of the United States was in St. Augustine, Florida in 1566 when a man was executed by the military. The United States maintained the death penalty for convicted "sodomites" until about 1779 when Thomas Jefferson proposed that Virginia drop the death penalty for the crime and replace it with castration. Some states have revised the punishment for sodomy over the years, and some states and localities have passed laws protecting those who commit homosexual acts. The Revolution in France brought an end to criminal laws regarding sexual activities in 1810 under the Napoleonic Code.

England abolished the death penalty for acts of homosexuality in 1861. Homosexual history is one of abuse, prejudice, pain, and death. Homosexuality in Flux There is a tremendous dichotomy in modern culture concerning homosexuality. On the one hand, most liberal politicians support gay rights laws, if not in practice, at least in theory. There is a growing acceptance of homosexuality and a great deal of education taking place to teach homosexuality as a valid alternative lifestyle. Although, most homosexual activists would deny that homosexuality is an alternative, since they believe they have no choice in their sexual preference.

In response to this growing official acceptance, and due to hysteria over AIDS, there is an increasing number of hate crimes against homosexuals. The government or the church does not officially sanction physical abuse, but individuals and groups have taken it upon themselves to persecute homosexuals. Men are often found beaten because of the perception that they are gay. This cruelty includes torture and death. Bible-believing Christians have responded to the apparent growth in acceptance of homosexuality in various ways. The belief that homosexuality is sin appears to dominate the church community.

Evangelical Christians may see acceptance of homosexuality as a threat to their beliefs. Often issues such as allowing homosexuals in positions of influence, the spread of AIDS and other diseases, and passing legislation insuring homosexuals equal rights are issues which raise concern, rhetoric, and grass-roots political action. David A. Noebel wrote in his book, The Homosexual Revolution; Certainly the time has come to turn back such an ungodly tide for decency's sake, for morality's sake, for our children's sake, for our nation's ake and, most importantly, because the Lord would have us to love the good but hate the evil. Dante said something like this: The hottest spots in hell are reserved for those who in time of moral crisis do nothing. (Noebel 1977, 47) Fear and prejudice exists on both sides of the homosexual issue. There can be no doubt that many have been mistreated and persecuted because of homosexual practice.

It is also true that not all Bible-believing Christians are prejudiced. Disagreement is not tantamount to persecution. Calling a behavior sinful is certainly not the same as condemning someone to death. Without a doubt we need to examine a need for dialogue, communication, and understanding between those who are homosexual and those who interpret the Bible in a way that condemns homosexual practices. Gay liberation during the first half of the 20 th century: Prior to World War II, there was a near consensus among mental health professionals, human sexuality researchers, theologians and others that homosexuality was a mental disorder which materialized as chosen, abnormal, deviant, and unnatural sexual behavior.

Same-sex behavior was criminalized by laws in all states, most of which had existed without modifications since the colonial or Victorian eras. Homosexuals didn't really have much of an agenda or a liberation movement in those days. Their prime concern was to keep a very low profile -- in order to stay alive, and avoid assaults by gay bashers. Their second main concern was try to hold onto a job in a homophobic world where continued employment and accommodation usually required them to remain deeply in the closet. Gay liberation during the second half of the 20 th century A series of developments occurred during the second half of the 20 th century which led to the creation of a gay liberation movement. Some of the major events leading toward equal rights for gays and lesbians are listed in the following essays.

Unfortunately, recording the most important developments ignores the tens of thousands of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transsexuals who tirelessly worked tirelessly to accomplish small, incremental changes, without receiving much credit. Same-sex marriage In North America, marriage is a restricted institution. It only permits one man and one woman to be joined in matrimony. It is likely to remain restricted for at least the foreseeable future. Gay or lesbian couples cannot be married -- except in the Netherlands.

As of early 2002, about 25 states have enacted "Defense of Marriage Acts" (Doma's) that ban same-sex marriage. Another six have similar legislation pending. During 2000 -MAR, 61 % of California voters supported Proposition 22, which defined marriage as being restricted to between one man and one woman. But Proposition 22 and most of the DOMA laws only control the institution of marriage. Most DOMA laws do not prevent a legislature from creating a new set of laws which cover a different type of relationship, typically called civil unions, for same-sex couples.

A state would then recognize committed relationships among its citizens in two ways: It would retain the existing system of marriage for heterosexual couples -- for one man and one woman -- intact. Heterosexual couples who plan to marry in the future would find that nothing is changed; the regulations, privileges, obligations, benefits etc would be the same as always. Nothing would change for existing heterosexual couples who were married in the past. States typically grant about 400 rights and privileges to each married couple. The federal government separately contributes an additional 1, 000 benefits to them. A state legislature could then create a similar system, usually called civil unions, for same-sex couples -- i.

e. for two men or for two women. These would grant some or all of the state benefits that have been previously granted only to married couples. But the over 1, 000 federal rights and privileges would be withheld from "civil unionized" couples because of the federal DOMA law which prohibits the federal government from recognizing civil unions. 2001: On APR- 1, Dutch same-sex couples joined with opposite-sex couples in being able to obtain marriage licenses from the state. This is the first time in recent history that gays and lesbians have been allowed to marry in any country. On JUN- 1, same-sex couples in Nova Scotia, Canada, became eligible to register their domestic partnership at the province's Office of Vital Statistics.

On JUL- 12: The Alliance for Marriage has proposed an amendment to the U. S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. It reads: "Marriage in the United States shall consist only of the union of a man and a woman. Neither this constitution or the constitution of any state, nor state or federal law, shall be construed to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups. " On SEP- 6, the first same-sex partnerships were registered in London, UK. On SEP- 21, the California legislature passed a bill giving rights to domestic partners. 2002: On JUL- 12, in a 129 page decision, "three Ontario [Canada] Superior Court judges unanimously ruled in a Divisional Court decision that the current legal definition of marriage [in Ontario] is discriminatory, and ordered it changed to include recognition of same-sex marriage. " They have given the Ontario and Federal governments 24 months in which to change their legislation so that same-sex couples can marry.

More details. This is a momentous development, because federal legislation defines marriage, and the provincial marriage laws implement the federal laws. Thus a change at the federal level will make same-sex marriage available to all same-sex couples who wish to be married. The Ontario government, currently under the control of the conservative party has decided to not appeal the court's decision.

The decision by the federal government on whether to appeal is still pending as of 2002 -JUL- 23.


Free research essays on topics related to: gays and lesbians, one man and one woman, rights and privileges, heterosexual couples, 20 th century

Research essay sample on 20 Th Century One Man And One Woman

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