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Example research essay topic: Year Old Boy Psychotic Episodes - 1,559 words

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... , consistent with prior animal and human data on response to acute LSD administration which suggest LSD-induced cortical dis inhibition... " confirming the disruption of the sensory pathways. (Abraham & Duffy, 1996) Further still, there was another study where several young people who had occasionally taken LSD developed palinopsia, a condition under HPPD where damage to the nondominant pareto-occipital cortex can cause prolonged afterimages even after the cessation of LSD usage. In the case of the three young people, their palanopsia was induced by reaction to medication containing clomiphene citrate. The first case involved a 21 year old college female who had occasionally taken LSD. Though she had never experienced flashbacks, symptoms of palanopsia occurred after the use of anesthetics prior to the extraction of the patient's wisdom teeth. Even after a 4 month period of abstinence from the drug, the subject noted the visual preservation of afterimages for as long as 20 seconds.

In a similar case, the doctors reviewed the case of a 17 year old boy who began to experience symptoms of palinopsia 2 months after his last ingestion of LSD. He experienced the prolonging of afterimages for up to a minute. In the last case study a 15 year old boy who had a history of narcotic usage began using LSD exclusively in 1992. He saw what he described as "ghost trails" left in the wake of an image in motion.

Various other findings from electrophysiology studies "support the notion that LSD may cause permanent alterations of the visual pathways. " (Kawasaki & Purvin, 1996) Although "acid flashbacks" - like other anxiety reactions - seldom last longer than 90 minutes, they can seem unendurable, since they tend to focus on unpleasant aspects of bad trips. Many users experience similar unpleasant reactions to LSD. Fear, anxiety, and depression may occur, even with experienced users who have had no prior adverse reactions. Going through a "bad trip, " users feel that they are losing their identity, disintegrating into nothingness, and that there is no reality. "Pseudo-hallucinations give way to terrifying true hallucinations, sometimes resulting in violence, homicide, or suicide. " (DEA Publications, 2001) In some cases, this psychotic state lasts several days or even longer. Because adverse effects are particularly common among new users, early LSD trips are usually taken in the company of experienced users who can often help curb acute panic reactions. No deaths resulting exclusively from LSD overdose have ever been reported.

Dosage has also stabilized too. Today LSD averages 20 - 80 micrograms in contrast to 150 - 250 microgram doses common in the ' 60 s. Cases of suicide, however, have occurred during or following LSD intoxication. Other results of violent or hazardous behavior include accidental (sometimes bizarre) fatalities, homicides, and self-mutilations.

Unlike most other drug users such as those who use crack cocaine, a large amount of users who try LSD, take the drug occasionally and refrain from using it too often. There seem to be no forms of physical or psychological dependence to the drug. Several factors provide LSD with a virtually inherent regulator to its regular use. First, the duration of the effects, which may persist for up to 12 hours or more, ensures that the user will not need to purchase the drug on a rapidly recurring basis.

Second, tolerance to the drug develops rapidly if used daily, rendering its repeated ingestion useless, and cannot be overcome by ingestion of increased dosages. Third, the uncertain and mixed effects, especially adverse reactions, lead to erratic instances of LSD use. Finally, the extremely powerful and intense hallucinations often prompt users to abstain from using LSD, especially when users experience a bad trip. When a bad trip does occur, they tend to take two main forms - panic attacks and psychotic reactions. The most common adverse reaction to LSD, panic usually centers on a fear of dying or going crazy. Serious breaks with reality; psychotic episodes usually include hallucinations and delusions.

LSD-fueled psychotic episodes are like bad trips that do not end when the drug wears off. Such reactions may be linked to the "unmasking" of pre-existing problems and may require professional intervention. (DEA Publications, 2001) As a result chronic LSD use may result in prolonged depression and anxiety. The Benefits of LSD While a great deal of literature tends to focus on the negative aspects of LSD use, many ignore the more practical uses it serves along the lines of psychoanalysis and therapeutic value. In the Journal of Asthma Research, an article documents an LSD study of sexual conflicts in eczema and asthma. In it they use LSD as an adjunct to psychoanalytic therapy in order to ascertain the value of a key dream that the subject had. In the case study, the subject had bouts of severe eczema and asthma, which were accompanied by depression.

The subject also experienced a recurring dream that bothered her. Upon use of LSD, the subject was able to identify the meaning behind the beetle bug within her dream. The findings revealed the female patient's fear of lesbianism. Further study associated a second beetle bug dream with her father who was a quite person.

The two associations revealed a "psychological struggle for femininity, induced by the confused identification led to a threat of penetration by the sting of the beetle bug and, where a man was involved, penetration by the penis. " (Abramson, 1976) Subsequent testing under the influence of LSD led to more discoveries about the patient's life and helped to resolve her fear and conflicts involving her sexuality. In another study within Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, "a detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive-neurotic condition in a 30 year old male. " (Brandrup & Vanggaard, 1977) According to the study, treatment with LSD took place over 18 months from 1962, and the patient has since been cured symptomatically of the disorder. In addition the psychologists noticed "a fortunate change in his general personality" (Brandrup & Vanggaard, 1977). However the two also discussed how important constant supervision, observation and caution were, especially when using LSD on certain types of patients. Discussion Albert Hofmann while testing a compound he'd discovered five years before, was accidentally contaminated when the chemical soaked into his body through his fingertips.

What followed was the world's first LSD trip. Soon after its popularity waxed worldwide, the Psychedelic Revolution was born. Since then it has been said to have changed the way writers write, philosophers philosophize and pop musicians pop. It is also said to have altered art and spirituality.

While it has been hailed as a guide to the innermost recesses of pure understanding, at the same time it has also been vilified as a recipe for personal disaster. Well whoever's right all depends on how you look at it. And many people have had the opportunity to look at it. In a 1999 survey, 12. 2 percent of U.

S. high school seniors admitted using it during the previous year, while an estimated 16. 4 million Americans have tried it at least once. Since the drug is as potent and potentially risky as ever, a resurgence of LSD research is definitely needed. Because even after 50 - plus years LSD is still as mysterious today as it ever was.

And for people who don't know what they " re getting into when they try LSD, it can just as easily transition from a pleasurable new experience to the horror trip of one's life. References Abraham, Henry David MD, & Make, Anita MD (1996, June). LSD-Like Panic from Risperidone in Post-LSD Visual Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmocology, 16 (3), pp 238 - 241.

Abraham, H. D. , & Aldridge, A. M. (1993, October). Adverse consequences of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.

Addiction, 88 (10), pp 1327 - 1334. Abramson, H. A. (1976, July). Re association of dreams II: An LSD study of sexual conflicts in eczema and asthma.

Journal of Asthma Research, 13 (4), pp 193 - 233. Brandrup, E. , & Vanggaard, T. (1977, February). LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis [Abstract]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55 (2), pp 127 - 141. Retrieved March 25, 2001 from the Medline database using Ovid (web) Cohen, M. M. , & Shiloh, Y. (1977 - 78).

Genetic toxicology of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD- 25). Mutagen Research, 47 (3 - 4), pp 183 - 209. DEA Publications: LSD in the US (web) Kawasaki, Aki MD, & Purvin, Valerie MD (1996, January). Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). Arch Ophthalmol, 114 (1), pp 47 - 50.

Perera, K. M. , & Ferraro, A. Pinto MR (1995, June). Catatonia LSD induced? [Abstract]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29 (2), pp 324 - 327. Retrieved April 16, 2001 from the Medline database using Ovid (web) Strassman, R.

J. (1995, March). Hallucinogenic drugs in psychiatric research and treatment: Perspectives and prospects. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 183 (3), pp 127 - 138. Taschner, K. L. , & Want, K. (1975, November 6). Problems of toxic psychosis as illustrated on the example of the so-called LSD psychosis. (German) Fortschritte der Medizin, 93 (31), pp 1515 - 1518, 1542.

Williams, Brian K. , & Knight, Sharon M. (1994). Healthy for Life: Wellness and the Art of Living. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California


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Research essay sample on Year Old Boy Psychotic Episodes

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