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... ically similar compounds has resulted in fatal poisoning, usually terminating in convulsions and coma. Management of acute Phentermine (resin) intoxication is largely symptomatic and includes lavage and sedation with a barbiturate. Experience with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is inadequate to permit recommendation in this regard. Intravenous phentramine (Regitine) has been suggested on pharmacologic grounds for possible acute, severe hypertension, if this complicates over dosage. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION One capsule daily, before breakfast or 10 - 14 hours before retiring.
For individuals exhibiting greater drug responsiveness, Phentermine (resin) ' 15 ' will usually suffice. Phentermine (resin) ' 30 ' is recommended for less responsive patients. Phentermine (resin) is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under 12 years of age. Phentermine (resin) capsules should be swallowed whole.
On a common bottle or prescription of phentermine, the label may read as follows; Tradename: Fastin/Ionamin Manufacturer: SmithKline Beecham/Fisons Treatment Class: Endocrine and Metabolic Indication: Obesity The Effect of Phen/Fen on Serotonin and Dopamine Pain is necessary for survival. The pain of hunger motivates us all to eat; the pain of thirst motivates us to drink; and the pain of lust motivates us to seek out sex. All of our voluntary thoughts and behaviours are done to avoid pain and to give us pleasure. Pain tells us not only to start an action but also to stop. We are hungry - therefore we eat. When we eat too much, the pain in our stomach tells us to stop.
Both serotonin and dopamine are chemicals that work together in the brain. Dopamine is clearly a stimulant as it affects behaviour, raises the body's temperature and increases the metabolic rate. Serotonin in its natural balance can serve as a calming factor. Serotonin is involved in mood regulations, impulse control, sleep, appetite and sexual functions. Chemically speaking, dopamine deficiency is painful.
Low levels of dopamine directly cause and can create depression, fibromyalgia, hunger, thirst, lust and cravings for drugs or alcohol. Essentially, it is also the deficiency of dopamine that motivates us to action. Animal experiments have shown that the intake of food, water, drugs and alcohol and the sexual act increase both dopamine and serotonin. Eating, drinking, copulating, and using drugs and alcohol relieve pain and give us pleasure. Conversely, serotonin when in excess, causes nausea and vomiting, both painful experiences.
Disturbances in homeostasis or serotonin / dopamine cause hormonal imbalances, abnormal body chemistries and blood counts, and disturbances in appetite and mood. With relation to Phen/Fen, when there is an insufficiency of dopamine, the phentermine (Phen) dose can be increased; an excess of serotonin, the fenfluramine (Fen) dose is tapered. Ideally (according to Hippocrates), dopamine and serotonin levels should be high and balanced. Yet many factors can lead to the decrease of either and the resulting imbalance. These include genetic abnormalities, environmental stresses, and even the aging process itself. The resultant deficiencies and imbalances are the root cause of many illnesses.
For example, low dopamine causes depression and fatigue; low serotonin leads towards anxiety and hostility. Excess dopamine causes agitation; excess serotonin causes confusion, nausea and vomiting. Dr. George Ricaurte of Johns-Hopkins University says that Phen/Fen damages baboon brain cells. He is not yet sure if it damages human brain cells as well. Next, he wants to study Phen/Fen's effect on human brain cells.
He says that he is worried because once you destroy these brain cells, they don't grow back again. Essentially, the combination of fenfluramine and phentermine works to adjust the levels of the brain's two neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine. Together, serotonin and dopamine regulate the body and the mind. The balance of these two neurotransmitters is critical to health. Who Should and Who Shouldn't Use Phen/Fen With an attempt to avoid abuse or improper use of a "Phen/Fen" diet, many experts and doctors believe that only obese patients who have failed at other weight loss methods should be administered these pills.
Other doctors agree, and are adamantly opposed to people who are only mildly overweight using these drugs. Dr. Susan Yanovski of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases says, "It doesn't make sense to use the drugs for the short-term, since you " ll just regain the weight once you go off them. " In order to avoid the regaining of the weight once you go off the pills, you must have taught yourself a new system of eating. You must learn to eat as a thin person eats - whenever you are hungry. Dr. Arthur Frank of George Washington University say that if "a woman is only ten pounds over her ideal weight, then the risks of the side effects from using these pills definitely outweigh any benefit. " Almost every doctor agrees that if a person just wa!
nts to slightly enhance their physical beauty by losing a few pounds, Phen/Fen is not the correct way to go about it. It is nationally agreed upon that only those who are clinically obese should take advantage of our relatively new technology. CNN has developed a table to distinguish between those that are overweight and those who are clinically obese. This table was created with no gender biases, and therefore is valid for both males and females; Height Weight to be Considered Clinically Obese 5 ' 0 " 155 lbs 5 ' 1 " 160 lbs 5 ' 2 " 165 lbs 5 ' 3 " 170 lbs 5 ' 4 " 175 lbs 5 ' 5 " 180 lbs 5 ' 6 " 185 lbs 5 ' 7 " 190 lbs 5 ' 8 " 195 lbs 5 ' 9 " 200 lbs 5 ' 10 " 205 lbs 5 ' 11 " 210 lbs 6 ' 0 " 215 lbs 6 ' 1 " 220 lbs Michael D.
Myers' Case Study Over the past decade, many studies have been performed to see exactly what a Phen/Fen diet is all about. Michael D. Myers M. D. of Los Alamitos, California conducted a study over a 210 week period. The information that he obtained and the conclusions that he made were extremely significant and vital to our present knowledge of the drugs.
The following is a basic breakdown and summary of his study; Patient Participation: Patients were 18 to 60 years old weighing between 130 % and 180 % of their ideal body weights (according to the 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables). The patients were in good health, not taking any long-term medications and did not have high blood pressure, diabetes or any other chronic diseases. Medication: Phentermine resin (15 mg) combined with Fenfluramine (60 mg) Behaviour Therapy: Active and ongoing behaviour therapy with professionals trained in behaviour modification techniques was an integral part of the study. Caloric Restriction: Calories were limited by day to between 1500 - 1800 kcal per day for men and between 1000 - 1200 kcal per day for women. Exercise: The participants in the study were started on graded exercise programs to expend at least an extra 300 kcal three times a week. Medical Monitoring: All participants were seen by physicians at regular intervals during the study with periodic laboratory and electrocardiographic monitoring.
Results at 34 Weeks: Placebo patients - average weight loss of 4. 6 kg Medication patients - average weight loss of 14. 2 kg Results at 104 Weeks (83 of the 121 people who started the study): Continuous medication (39 % of remaining participants) - average weight loss of 12. 6 kg Intermittent medication (39 % of remaining participants) - average weight loss of 11. 5 kg Augmented medication group (22 % of remaining participants) - average weight loss of 6. 5 kg AVERAGE WEIGHT LOSS of the 83 participants making it to week 104: 10. 8 kg And the study continued. Between 190 and 210 weeks, all participants were tapered-off their medication. The behaviour modification, dietary instruction, physician monitoring, and exercise were continued. At the end of the study, the remaining 48 participants were, on average, 1. 4 kg less than when they started the study. However, 7 of the remaining participants were 10 % or more below their initial body weights. Conclusions: 1) Medication (phentermine + fenfluramine) in a program combining behaviour modification, dietary instruction, exercise, and medical monitoring will assist with weight loss to a moderate degree with the greatest weight loss occurring within the first year with the weight gradually returning toward baseline despite continued intervention. 2) The average weight loss with the medication protocol (program) peaked at 14 kg at week 34. 3) Patients that were treated only with dietary instruction, behaviour modification, exercise intervention, and physician monitoring lost an average of 4. 6 kg at week 34. 4) All patients received on-going dietary instruction, behaviour modification, physician monitoring and exercise intervention.
Although the total weight loss was small at week 210 (only about 3 pounds in the participants who continued), the natural history of obesity is to gain 1 to 2 % of body weight per year and thus there was some measure of success from this program. 5) There is no evidence that the body weight control mechanism was reset to a lower level from long-term use of medication. 6) The effect of using medication without concomitant dietary, behavioural, exercise intervention, and physician monitoring are unknown. 7) Other modalities of treatment need to be employed to assist in attaining long term weight loss. Conclusion In conclusion, both fenfluramine, and phentermine are extremely interesting drugs not only to scientists and doctors, but to society as a whole. Although they still present a great deal of side effects alone, the combination of the two can produce amazing results in weight loss in a relatively short period of time.
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Research essay sample on Behaviour Modification Weight Loss
