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In 1963, the Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright that every criminal defendant has a right to have an attorney. The poor are appointed an attorney normally known as a public defender to defend them. The poor are given substandard representation in courts due to lack of funds and a broken criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has made strides forward. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel was generally understood as guaranteeing criminal defendants the right to hire their own counsel if they could afford to do so.
The Supreme Court has since ruled, however, that in both federal cases (Johnson vs. Zerbst 1938) and state cases (Gideon vs. Wainwright, 1963), the government must provide counsel to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to hire counsel on their own, and that the right to counsel is guaranteed regardless of how short the defendants term of imprisonment may be if convicted (Argersinger vs. Hamlin, 1972). Warren Burger, The Washington Times, December 22, 1991. The Supreme Court acknowledges that the constitutionally required counsel must provide effective assistance, court decisions have provided only halfhearted enforcement of the requirement of effectiveness.
The counsel is presumed to be effective once a member of the bar. The court has held that neither gross inexperience nor unfamiliarity with criminal practice is enough to support a finding of ineffectiveness. The courts refuse to mandate even the most elementary steps in effective case preparation, such as interviewing the client or witnesses. Instead, the courts judge ineffectiveness under the totality of the circumstances in each case. In one case, Judge Henry Friendly, writing for the U. S.
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held that a lawyer was not ineffective even though he had slept through a portion of a witness cross-examination. Judge Friendly simply speculated that the witness testimony probably was not very important because if it had been, (the trial judge) would have awakened him. Chief Justice Warren Burger, from the opposite end of the political spectrum, has been similarly critical of performance by defense attorneys. Incompetence is overlooked because to do otherwise would bring the criminal justice system to a standstill. There are some jurisdictions that require all attorneys that belong to the bar to serve pro bono publico. This is to donate time for the poor.
The courts have recognized the connection between economics and the incentives for vigorous defense. Chief Justice Joseph Weintraub once wrote for the New Jersey Supreme Court, A lawyer needs no motivation beyond his sense of duty and his pride. To date over half the states have found it impermissible to force attorneys to serve pro bono. When the problem was investigated it was found that the investigation was geared toward the rights of the attorney and if fair for them.
The investigation never looked at the impact on the indigents right to a dedicated and vigorous defense. The rate of compensation for the attorney ranges from about $ 12. 50 to $ 60. 00 an hour and have a cap from $ 500 to $ 1, 200. If you are an incompetent attorney no need to worry about those poor that were unjustly convicted due to your inadequate defense. The right for counsel is only for trial and appeal and not for claims involving constitutional defects (attorney sleeping during the trial etc) in the trial. The frequently illiterate indigent must challenge the professional competence of his appointed counsel without professional help. The big question is why is the level of performance in public defenders so shoddy?
The answer lies in politics, sociology, and most important economics. A further problem may be in the future when only big corporations, government, the rich and penniless (who receive free legal aid) can obtain lawyers for their criminal and civil work. In civil actions lawyers fees exceed the amount their clients receive if charged on an hourly rate. Court rules make it too expensive and almost impossible to convict petty crime such as shoplifting. The difference between the poor and wealthy is seen in every faucet of the criminal justice system for example, the poor thief who takes $ 20 is accused of stealing and receives a long prison sentence.
The wealthy person who embezzles a large amount of money has only misappropriated and will usually not go to jail but be required only to make restitution. The corporation in many states is not liable for criminal prosecution. The leading attorneys of our nation speak out at times such as Sam B. Warner and Harry Cabot of the Harvard Law School stated that trial procedure gives the criminal defendant an unfair advantage over the prosecution. These two men were teachers who influenced many generations of influential attorneys.
The rights of the accused must be enthusiastically protected. The primary goal of the criminal justice system must be to protect the rights of the accused. The state is a powerful entity that must be restrained in its attempt to prosecute the accused. The following is a good closing for this report and Michael B.
Muslin of the Pace Law Review wrote it, spring 1990. In Gideon v. Wainwright the highest courts in the land reach (ed) down to hear the plea of a fifty-two-year-old drifter, an outcast from society. The story of how lawyers and judges handled Clarence Gideon's handwritten misspelled appeal is worth remembering. As Anthony Lewis states, the care, the vision, the imagination of the attorneys appointed by the Supreme Court to represent Gideon on his appeal makes one proud of law and lawyers in this country. The simple elegance of the majority opinion written by Justice Hugo Black, is also impressive.
In that opinion Justice Black proclaimed the obvious truth (that) any person hauled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured of a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him. Bibliography:
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