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Example research essay topic: Primary And Secondary Moral Choices - 1,202 words

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... e and a constant. The variable is a measurable subject of property that is subject to change. Once you have defined the question and set the constant and variable, you can begin the other steps of the research process. Sociology deals with applying scientific methods to study sociology. They use steps to do this research (44 - 46) There are five different methods to research sociology.

These are survey, interviews and case history, observation, experiments, and analysis of historical documents. The choice of method depends on many factors: The nature of the problem, the restrictions of time and space, the degree of cooperation from the people being studied, the resources available and considerations of privacy and the rights to the subjects. Qualitative methods of research include interviews and case histories, and field studies. Interviews and case histories offer researchers methods or studying particular subjects more closely (60). Field studies involve the researcher getting into the natural setting of subjects and carefully observing and recording their behavior (60). Quantitative methods are methods such as surveys, experiments and content analysis.

Surveys are widely used to gather data on certain behaviors, opinions, or attitudes in a large population. However, an accurate survey may be very expensive for each respondent when calculating time and travel expenses combined with training interviewers. Another problem is the attitude of the respondents. Many people are not used to discussing their lives with strangers, and some people may make responses that are not truthful. There have been six major sociologists that have tried to define sociology. Charles Cooley thought that society was a looking glass.

Our self-image is a reflection of how others see us or what we believe others to see us to be. He also feels that personality develops through your social interactions with others. George Mead felt that society was the interaction of communication taking place symbolically through gestures and through languages. Mead believed there were two different stages for children developing a mind and self as they learn to assume the role of another person and to see their own behavior from another's point of view (127).

These two stages are play stage and game stage. Play stage takes place as a younger child and children, take the role of another. Game stage comes later and the child learns to imagine how other people will behave without having to act out their own parts (127). Sigmund Freud thought that social interaction starts at birth... Freud's theory of socialization emphasizes that the emerging self is often antagonistic to the demands of others. The Freudian theory believes that socialization begins at birth.

Piagets experiments leading to his the rational self theory find that there are stages of cognitive development and that children can perform different kinds of mental operations at each stage (154). In his the moral self theory, Lawrence Kohlberg elaborates Piagets insights and says there are also different levels of moral development. Kohlberg, studied children from different countries around the world and decided that children are taught basically the same values. He said that there are three stages to development, conventional, pre-conventional, and post-conventional. According to Kohlberg, people differ in their moral judgments because they have reached different levels of maturity. Kohlberg found boys and girls do not always see moral choices in the same way, these findings were later reinterpreted.

Psychologist Carol Gilligans studies led her to believe that children do not see moral choices in the same way, infact they see it in very different ways. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's sequence of stages is not the only path to moral development, and his post-conventional level is not necessarily the highest order of morality (133). Erik Erikson felt that your interaction in society depends on the stage in your life that you are. It also depends on whom you are faced with or relate to. Our textbook says it is a system of patterned interactions among organized groups of human beings; organized groups of people who have distinctive social patterns, occupy a defined territory, and share a sense of common identity. Society is the web of relationships and interactions among human beings.

Understanding of how society works or ought to work has been sought in philosophy, economics, psychology, and religion. Society is passed on to future generations by socialization, the interactive process by which individuals acquire some of the values, attitudes, skills, and knowledge of the society to which they belong. The two primary functions of socialization are to transmit culture and to develop the self. Without repeated interaction with others, human beings do not become fully human (153).

Anticipatory Socialization is the informal learning of future roles and it eases the transition from stage to stage. Socialization is divided into two groups: primary and secondary socialization. Primary socialization occurs with our primary group, those people who we are very close to and have intimate, long-lasting relationships with, such as family. Secondary socialization occurs with our secondary groups, such as classmates, a waiter at a restaurant you are eating at, There are two types of formal organizations, formal groups and informal groups.

Formal groups are based on jobs that are to be done. Informal groups are based upon the job, which is social cohesion, such as going to the movies with your friends, etc. Groups are composed of people who interact frequently according to established and enduring patterns. There are two types of groups, primary and secondary.

Primary groups are characterized by intimate, long-lasting relationships a small group of people. The family is an example of a primary group. Your family is a big factor on how you will interact and relate with the world. It is assumed, that depending on social class, you teach your child different values. The next major impact is school. Children spend more time a day at a school then they do with their parents.

This causes the values of the teacher and class to play a role in a childs personality. Once an individual reaches his / her teenage years, ones peers have a major role. Also, television has a major impact on how an individuals personality develops. On television you learn by how the characters act and how commercials might be directed.

There are more than 2800 different languages in the world, meaning not everyone is going to share the same ideas and human culture. Cultural inconsistency is a characteristic of a society that holds contradictory values or norms. These differences not only occur between the cultures but also within. Cultural inconsistencies occur when there is a conflict between ideal and real culture. Usually when there is a major social conflict it is do to the clash of moral values.

Cultural universals are types of social behaviors that exist in much the same form in all cultures. Some examples of cultural universals include language, music, athletic sports, cooking, courtship, and religion... There are many different types of groups. Individuals may belong to a family group, a religious group, an ethnic group, a social class, an occupational group, an age group, a sports team, etc. Groups have a powerful effect on changing individual behavior. Groups require a leader or, sometimes, more than one leader, to accomplish their goals.

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Research essay sample on Primary And Secondary Moral Choices

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