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Example research essay topic: Lead Acid Battery Daimler Chrysler - 1,481 words

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Environmental demand for cleaner air has put a heavy burden on the automobile, much improved by stringent exhaust stands but still a significant source of pollution. High cost, technological obstacles and the resistance of the public to abandon gasoline have deterred the discovery of new cleaner alternative fuels to help 5 the environment. Electric Vehicles are the cleanest burning of the alternative fuel vehicles now available. They are an efficient way to utilize fossil fuels (oil and natural gas) and convert them straight into automotive power. The fossil fuels are burnt at a power plant to produce energy to make electricity to recharge batteries rather than being used in air polluting internal combustion engines. (Encarta) 3 Substances that pollute the air can be controlled more easily at a power plant than at the tailpipes of millions of gasoline-burning cars. (Encarta) Electric cars are a simple and effective way to harness existing energy because any energy source can be turned into electricity. Electric cars have many advantages: Less dependence on foreign oil because of a reduction of petroleum requirements Improvement in air quality because of elimination of vehicle exhaust emissions Low energy cost (Barbara Whitener 9) Despite these advantages electric cars have not been widely adapted yet because they are not able to compete with gasoline powered cars.

They have many limitations including power, acceleration, reliability and range. All of this however is about to change when the next line of EVs are released. GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Daimler-Chrysler and Even the U. S. Army are in on the race because electric will be one of the leading alternative fuels in the near future.

Electric vehicles may have appeared as early as 1830. Historians generally credit J. K. Started, an English inventor and Fred M.

Kimball of Boston, Massachusetts with building the first practical electric car in 1888. Woods Motor Vehicle Company located in Chicago become the first American Producer in 1896. At one time, around 1904 one third of all the cars in New York City, Chicago and Boston were electrically powered. By 1912 thirty thousand electric vehicles roamed the United States. These cars are starting to surface again in anticipation of regulations designed to reduce air pollution emission in some states.

Many breakthroughs have been made in this field but some designs have stayed similar. An electric car has a battery, a charger for replenishing the battery's power and a controller, which directs the flow of electricity between the battery and the motor. Lead Acid batteries are the most commonly used battery in the new fleet of EVs arriving, but there are new types of batteries including nickel-metal hydride, zinc-chlorine and sodium-sulfur. Todays electric cars come standard with regenerative breaking.

Regenerative breaking is where the braking system recharges the battery. The motor acts as a generator when stopping and converts the energy caused by the movement of the vehicle back into electricity and stores it in the battery. Converting the kinetic energy into electric energy slows the car. (Encarta, 1999) GM has come through with a breakthrough design. The second generation of their EV. It has no engine because it doesnt need one. No tailpipe because it has no exhaust.

It has no valves, no pistons, no timing belts or crankshaft. The EV is a zero emission vehicle. Therefore it requires no emissions testing. It requires no tune-ups; no gasoline or oil changes either. The EV seems childish because it is so simplistic; but in actually it is one of the most complex pieces of machinery on the road today. The GM EV uses a 26 valve- regulated high capacity lead-acid (PbA) battery.

The EV has an estimated real world driving range of 55 to 95 miles. GM is now making a nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batter pack as another option. With this new option the EVs estimated real world driving range is increased to 75 - 130 miles on a full charge. Charging can be done in any weather for the GM EV uses a 220 -volt charger that has to be installed in your home. Charging from 0 to 100 % for the lead-acid battery pack takes up to 6 hours. The nickel-metal hydride battery pack can take up to 8 hours to fully recharge due to it is able to store more energy.

A common energy saving feature of electric cars is regenerative braking. GM however has developed its own distinctive braking system, blended regenerative breaking. It is a combination of front hydraulic disks, rear electrically applied drum brakes and the electric propulsion motor. That is not all that is unique about the EV. The EV is one of the only electric vehicles that have taken style into consideration along with competence against gasoline-powered vehicles.

The EV is the most aerodynamic production vehicle on the road today. Its shape when viewed from above resembles a teardrop. GMs EV generation II with the lead-acid battery pack costs $ 33, 955. The same car but installed with the optional higher performance nickel-metal hydride pack is $ 43, 955.

They are already in production and on the market. Daimler-Chrysler has introduced their electrically powered vehicle that is probably the most distinctive of the new fleet of EVs. It is called the EPIC (electric powered interurban commuter) EV and they have chosen to apply it to the minivan platform. None of the other carmakers building EVs chose to adapt their minivan, which gives DC a clear marketing field. The EPIC if using a nickel-metal hydride batter gets approximately 90 to 100 mile range between charges. This is a 50 % improvement over the older lead-acid batteries.

The EPIC EV is the first NiMH batter to offer Fast Charge Capability. The standard 220 -volt off board charger is capable of a 0 to 100 % recharge in 4 to 5 hours. The EPIC is now able to use a breakthrough 440 -volt charger, which makes the recharge time an astonishing 30 minutes. Nissan has thrown its towel into the ring of alternative fuel vehicles as well.

They have developed the Nissan Altra EV. It is a blend of sedan, minivan and SUV characteristics. What sets the Altra apart from the other electric vehicles is that it uses a lithium-ion battery pack. Altra is the only EV using that source at the moment.

Lithium-ion packs are high power and compact in size. Price is a predominant reason that these batteries are not capitalized upon more. Nissan is confident the cost of the battery will decline. They also believe that this sort of battery is a third generation battery. The Nissan Altra EVs range is comfortably 70 to 80 miles on a full charge; an experienced driver is supposedly able to push 120 miles out of a full charge. The Nissan Altra EV is stylish and responsive, Acceleration is there when needed, hills are not a problem.

Braking and handling are crisp and responsive. (Robert Oberland 1) Fords contribution to the Electric frontier is producing a product similar to GMs EV in everyway except that the body of the vehicle is Americas best selling pickup, the Ford Ranger. The estimated range of the Ranger is 77 miles using the lead-acid battery pack which is comparable to GMs version. Also like GM Ford is offering the optional nickel-metal hydride battery pack. In turn increasing the range of the Ranger to approximately 90 miles with a full recharge. The Ranger EV thus far is not developed enough to be competitive with its gasoline-powered counterpart.

The last vehicle in the race for electric power is the practical and advanced Honda EV Plus. At the moment Honda only leases the car. A number of reasons caused this decision. The most important being reliability. Electric cars are still untested; by only leasing them the drivers are more like guinea pigs to Honda. The nickel-metal hydride battery pack is Hondas primary feature instead of a secondary option as in most car producers electric line.

It takes the EV Plus 6 to 8 hours to fully recharge from 0 %. Its estimated range is about 100 miles. The company reports that the vehicles fuel cost could be as low as less than 2 cents a mile if recharged at off peak rates. (Sirius 1) Hondas goal in designing this car was price and reliability not style. One EV enthusiast reports, If forced to choose between Hondas admittedly utilitarian toaster-on-wheels and GMs stylishly sculpted work of electric art, Id have to go with the toaster! The Honda EV Plus is a 4 passenger vehicle, the EV only a two. The plus has a rear hatch and a fold down rear seat.

The Honda also sits higher off the ground more like a minivan, making it easier for me to climb in and out of than the low slung EV. So call me Mr. Practical but I gotta go with the Plus for no...


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