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Solid State Lasers Back And Forth
2,014 wordsLaser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. In the last century many types of lasers have been used for many different applications from welding to surgery to military and even many uses in every day life by harnessing the principles of light and stimulated emission. To understand how lasers work we must first understand the physics behind light waves. Light is emitted from a source and travels in straight lines and when it strikes an object is either absorbe...
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Carbon Dioxide And Water Organic Compounds
791 wordsHave you ever wondered why your plants in your house and outside lean towards the sun. In my project I hope to answer why this happens. I am going to be using lima beans to do this with. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have been the first to attempt to explain the processes of photosynthesis and food production. He believed that plants could obtain from the soil all the components required for growth. The cycle was completed when organisms perished and became reincorporated into the soil. Th...
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Valence Electrons Carbon Dioxide
328 wordsFor my report, I choose to design a ball and stick model for a carbon dioxide molecule. I used the C as the center and an O on each side of the C. For Christmas purposes I colored the C green and the two Os red. To make the letters, I used white out. The sticks that connect the balls are actually cue tips that I have taken the cotton off of. I used glue to make it stick on better and just punched in the stick. The sticks are suppose to be springs and I tried bendable straws that were cut, but th...
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Nuclear Chain Reaction E Mc 2
552 wordsThe scientist Albert Einstein did not participate in the invention of the atomic bomb and nuclear energy. But he was the key to unlocking the development of nuclear energy and atomic bomb. In 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, he made a point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter. This was development of the equation E = mc 2 (energy = mass times the speed of light squared). The atomic bomb would clearly this equation worked. But Einstein w...
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Life On Earth H 2 O
726 wordsThe first thing water reminds us of is the clear liquid in our water bottles. However, water is more than a normal substance. Water is the beginning and the continual of life on earth. Because of its many unique properties, water was able to start life on our planet. The simple structure of H 2 O is the source of all water's properties. With two hydrogen atoms sticking to an oxygen atom in a tetrahedron shape, water is considered as a polar molecule. Because oxygen is very electronegative, it pu...
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Three Minutes 000 Years
619 wordsWhere is the universe from? Where is it going? How is it put together? How did it get to be this way. These are Big questions. Very easy to ask but almost impossible to answer. We want answers for philosophical reason having nothing to do with science. No one will get rich from discovering the structure of the universe unless they right a book about it. The area of science dealing with Big questions is called cosmology. The reason for it's study is found in the fact that: The universe was born a...
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Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Parts Per Million Water
1,290 wordsThe purpose of this experiment is to explore the hardness of the water on campus. Hard water has been a problem for hundreds of years. One of the earliest references to the hardness or softness of water is in Hippocrates discourse on water quality in Fifth century B. C. Hard water causes many problems in both in the household and in the industrial world. One of the largest problems with hard water is that it tends to leave a residue when it evaporates. Aside from being aesthetically unpleasing t...
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Increasing Atomic Number Increasing Atomic Electron
236 wordsThe first ionization energy IE 1 is the energy required to remove the one electron from a gaseous atom. With this the effective nuclear charge increases and thus it takes more energy to remove the next electron. IE 2 is always greater than IE 1. Each subsequent electron becomes harder to remove. In the plot below it is apparent that there are periodic patterns to the first ionization energies. Within a given row the ionization energy increases with increasing atomic number. Atoms with filled or ...
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Electrons Collide Focal Spot Rays
222 wordsProduction of x-rays requires training a stream of electrons produced at a metal cathode on a metal anode. As the electrons collide with atoms in the anode, they are stopped but their energy is released in two forms mostly heat and a very small quantity (1 %) as x-rays. The area ofthe cathode where the fast moving electrons collide is called the focal spot and is in fact the source of the x-rays. The x-rays generated at the focal spot travel out in all directions. However, the head of the x-ray ...
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Power Supply Magnetic Field
1,679 wordsPlanning Aim To find the factors that affect the amount of E. M. F. being produced. The amount of E. M. F. produced during the experiment when each type of factors is change. Background knowledge Electro-motive-force is the energy being supply to a charge. Battery is a type of energy. The energy that it provides is voltage. Battery voltage is sometime called electro-motive-force because it is used to pump around the electrons in the wire. The force can be generates by the moving of magnetic fiel...
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H 2 O Potassium Hydroxide
930 wordsImagine filling your tank with a garden hose, driving 5000 kilometers, and then stopping for a drink out of your tailpipe! This, ladies and gentlemen, is the future. But how is this possible? With a device called a fuel cell. These cells run primarily off of water, but can run from many different fluids including methanol, gasoline, and devel in a pinch. How do these fuel cells work, and what impact will they have on the future? In this century we have seen huge technological breakthroughs, thin...
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Power Supply R R
1,665 wordsInvestigating The Factors Which Affect The Resistance Investigating The Factors Which Affect The Resistance Of A Wire Background KnowledgeRESISTANCEElectrons move more easily through some conductors when a potential difference is applied. Resistance is determined by how good or bad a conductor a material is. A good conductor has a low resistance while a poor conductor has a high resistance. THE OHM Resistance is defined by: R = V/I? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?...
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Back And Forth Stimulated Emission
1,080 wordsThe light from lasers differs from ordinary light in several important aspects. Ordinary light from a light bulb travels randomly in all directions (unless the bulb is equipped with an integral reflector that directs the light). The light is thus incoherent. Even when incoherent light is directed with a reflector, it still spreads rapidly. The light from a laser is temporary and spatially coherent. This means that all of the wave-fronts of light are lined up in time and space (see Diagrams). The...
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20 Th Century Theoretical Physics
933 wordsPhysics + Dirac = poetry Who was the 20 th century's greatest English-speaking poet? TS Eliot, WB Yeats, Sylvia Plath? Not for me; my nomination is the theoretician Paul Dirac, honorary poet laureate of modern physics. It is a status he richly deserves because of his amazing ability to write down fundamental equations the poems of science. Whereas poetry uses highly-charged combinations of words, equations are the most succinct descriptions of the aspect of reality they describe. Dirac's most fa...
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Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Elements
421 wordsTransition Elements, series of chemical elements that share similar electron orbital structures and hence similar chemical properties. The transition elements are commonly defined as the 30 elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30, 39 to 48, and 71 to 80. The transition elements exhibit multiple valences or oxidation states typically ranging from + 1 to + 8 in compounds. In organometallic compounds, consisting of metals bonded to organic species, transition metals sometimes take on negative oxidati...
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Light Pulse Transformers Nine Volt Battery 000
938 wordsThe source is a nine volt battery. Im creating energy by using light pulse transformers columns of light pulse transformers The timing is so that the base wire is a constant current. The columns of the light pulse transformers are in a circle all going to the same base wire. They fire like timed pistons in a car engine and are timed by previous pulses heading toward it. Each pulse travels through previous light pulse transformers to get to the last light pulse transformer to reach the base wire ...
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Nature Of Reality Scientific Theories
677 wordsRealism Vs. Conventionalism And Anti-Realism Essay, Research Realism Vs. Conventionalism And Anti-Realism The classical debate here is between realists and idealists. It is metaphysical in nature; i. e. , it is about the nature of reality or, at least, about what our fundamental concepts imply about the nature of reality. Realism is the view that the world exists apart from our perception of it. Idealism says that the world is, in some sense, mind-dependent. Few philosophers of science subscribe...
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Electromagnetic Radiation Physical Properties
1,125 wordsAnalytical Chemistry Untitled Analytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry principally concerned with determining the chemical composition of materials, which may be solids, liquids, gases, pure elements, compounds, or complex mixtures. In addition, chemical analysis can characterize materials but determining their molecular structures and measuring such physical properties as pH, color, and solubility. Wet analysis involves the studying of substances that have been subme...
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Neutron Star Black Hole
559 wordsBlack holes by supernova Firstly, a black hole isnt really a hole at all, but thats the easiest way to think of its effects on the rest of the universe. Take a star thats at least thirty times larger than our sun and make it explode (called a supernova). Stars do that at the end of their lifetime, sometimes leaving a remnant of the violent explosion. The nature of the remnant depends on its mass. If the remnant is less than 1. 4 solar masses, it will become a white dwarf, a kind of hot dead star...
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Made Up Of Protons Neutrons Protons Neutrons And Electrons Theory
549 wordsThe Superstring Mystery Theory of Everything? In 1979 two scientists met at The Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). These men s names are Michael Green and John Schwarz. John Schwarz had been working on the Theory of Superstring's/ Theory of Everything. Michael Green the younger of the two men was studying all research that he could get his hands on, and was fascinated by the Theory. John Schwarz who had been tired of the Theory of Superstring's and the Theory of Everything in 1974 saw a new pas...
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