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Example research essay topic: Century B C Gods And Goddesses - 1,467 words

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Greek art is a very important in the upper paleolithic period. Art objects and artifacts are important sources of information about civilization prior to written history. The number of artworks lost because of their impermanence can only be imagined, since many were created by using organic materials subject to destruction by fire, flood, and decay. By comparison, objects made from metal or stone are more likely to survive The Aegean basin was a center of artistic activity from early times see AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS the ravages of time and nature. They too, however, are susceptible to deterioration and may bring to our eyes a decidedly different appearance than they possessed originally.

Among the earliest objects that have survived are stone figures archaeologists have given the title of Venus of willendorf a small stone figure found in Austria, dating from 20, 000 B. C... I think it is a symbolic sculpture most probably designed to represent and call forth human fertility. In many early civilization, people associated fecundity with the female rather than the male and chose to represent females in their ceremonial images. The reduction of detail and the exaggeration of aspects of the human from in the twentieth-century sculpture, in which a realistic representation of from is likewise not the artists Because of their artistic quality, state of preservation, and antiquity, the paintings in the Lascaux caves near Montiganac, France, are among the most important art discoveries of the twentieth century. According to one widely accepted story, the paintings were discovered in 1941 by children playing in a field.

Deep within those caves, early artists had painted humans and animal figures and weapons, using mixtures of yellow and red ochre-natural found in iron ore. In spite of fragile nature of material used in these paintings, the images have survived. In places, the walls are nearly covered with stylized figures representing animals that inhabited western Europe 15, 00 years ago. It is one thing to represent an animal with proportional accuracy, but quite another to express its nature and movement. These unnamed artists captured the essence of the animals, by using expressive lines and subtle colors. Because most of the record of the people of the Paleolithic period has been destroyed by natural as well as human forces, we will never know with certainty the purposes of their art objects.

They may have been used in religious rituals related to some aspect of the hunt: they may have express recognition of the common sprit among living things. Nevertheless, we can safely conjecture that both the Venus of Willendorf and the cave paintings of Lascaux were objects associated with the early religion. One thing is known: in those early millennia, art played The western world has always looked upon ancient Greece as the cradle of its cultural development. The Greeks have always stride for perfection. In the Archaic age of Greek art, extending from about 100 B.

C... , is the age in which the indigenous Greek art was slowly developing. The second period, often called the Lyric Age and extending from 800 B. C. , to the sixth century B. C. , is noted for its expressiveness and realism. This is the great age of lyric poetry, from which the period takes its name. The Golden Age flourished in the fifth century B.

C. and went on to the fourth century B. C. , is considered the high point of Greek culture. During this era, there occurred such a development in drama, architecture, sculpture, and music that the age is still looked upon as the source from which our own culture emerged. The Hellenistic period of Greek culture dates from about 325 B. C.

to 100 B. C. and is viewed as a The importance of Greek art and architecture for the history of Western civilization can hardly be overstated, for the Greeks established many of the most enduring themes, attitudes, and forms of Western culture. The stories told in Greek art and literature of gods and heroes have been retold ever since and continue to form a common ground for the art, literature, and even popular Greek artists were the first to establish mimesis (imitation of nature) as a guiding principle for art, even as Greek philosophers debated the intellectual value of this approach. The repeated depiction of the nude human figure in Greek art reflects Greek humanism a belief that "Man is the measure of all things, " in the words of Greek philosopher Protagoras. Architecture is another Greek legacy that the West has inherited, as Greece established many of the structural elements, decorative motifs, and building types still used in architecture today.

Two great cultures-the MINOAN CIVILIZATION and the MYCENEAN CIVILIZATION- developed complex and delicate art forms. After the invasion of the Dorians and other barbarians (before 1000 B. C. ), the curvilinear designs and naturalistic representations of the Mycenean age were replaced by geometric schemes with linear patterns. The transformation is seen in late geometric (c. 900 - 700 B.

C. ) pottery. Between 700 and 600 B. C. , Asian influence led to the use of floral and arabesque patterns and monster and animal themes. Then, during the archaic period (c. 660 - 480 B. C. ), sculpture became the principal form of artistic expression.

The statues of nude walking youths, kouros, suggesting Egyptian prototypes but distinct in stylization and tension of movement, e. g. , Kouros (Metropolitan Mus. ), date from this period. Draped female figures show Asian influence, e. g. , Hera of Samos (Louvre). The outstanding Athenian school of black-figure vase painting led by Execias depicted mythological and contemporary scenes.

A greater concern with three-dimensional space and naturalistic detail emerged with red-figure vase painting (c. 525). Euthymides and Euphronius were early masters. The early classical period revealed new insight into the structure of the human form (c. 480 - 450 B. C. ). e. g. , the sculptures from the temple of Zeus at Olympia, the bronze Charioteer (museum; Delphi), and the Zeus or Poseidon (Athens, National Mus. ).

During the Golden Age, the height of the classical period (450 - 400 B. C. ), Polykleitos arrived at a rational norm for the ideal figure. The magnificent sculptures from the ACROPOLIS and its PARTHENON, thought to have been designed by PHIDIAS, exemplify this ideal. In the late classical period (400 - 300 B. C. ), there was more emphasis on emotion in art. The works attributed to PRAXITELES are elegant and graceful; to SCOPAS, strongly emotional; and to LYSIPPOS, individualized, though their sculptures largely survive as fragments or Roman copies.

The works of the painters of the period, e. g. , Apollodorus and APELLES, are known only through description. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Alexander the Great. Masterpieces of the period include the Nike (Victory) of Samothrace and Aphrodite of Melos (both: Louvre); the Pergamum Frieze (Berlin Mus. ); the Roman copies of the Odyssey Landscape (Vatican), a painting with great spatial illusionism; and the Laocoon and his Sons (Vatican). Despite its decline, Greek culture and art inspired Western art throughout history. The Greeks developed a style that incorporated an idealized yet realistic approach to the representation of the figure.

Greek artists moved toward an expression based on observation of living beings and refinement of anatomical elements. Gods and goddesses were imagined in human form but ideal in proportion, without imperfections. The unclothed human figure in its most perfect manifestation was admired for its harmonious beauty. The archetypical proportions of the human body were the measure and standard of beauty for all things.

The ancient Greeks lived in a world filled with divine and semi-divine beings. Their religious beliefs and folk traditions were expressed in human terms with gods and goddesses, demi-gods, and heroes often conquering animals and mythical beasts. Even such an abstract idea as poetic inspiration was given human form. Representations of all these beings are found in Greek art: in temples or in public spaces, on everyday objects of bronze, ceramic, and precious materials.

Concepts which today are considered exclusively religious were an integral part of daily Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the fertile river plain where civilization was born and where writing first appeared. Southern Mesopotamia was under the control of a series of kings from 3000 B. C. to the 6 th century B.

C. In its early history, Mesopotamia was a collection of agricultural city-states. These later gave way to centrally controlled empires which spread through conquest. There were not too much around this time but little there was like this piece The mythical Dragon of Marduk with scaly body, serpent's head, viper's horns, front feet of a feline, hind feet of a bird, and a scorpion's tail, was sacred to the god Marduk, principal dei...


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Research essay sample on Century B C Gods And Goddesses

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