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... like those of Switzerland. Austria has warm summers, cold winters, and plenty of rain. Austria has deposits of salt, lead, talc, graphite, natural gas, and gypsum. It is the worlds largest producer of magnesite, and the fourth largest producer of crude oil in Europe. Iron ore comes from deposits in the province of Styria.
Austria's coal deposits are almost entirely lignite. This type of coal is not suitable for gas or coke production. Natural Gas 3. 734 3. 709 4. 010 4. 308 4. 184 Petroleum 9. 010 9. 096 8. 825 8. 818 9. 250 Total 15. 841 15. 560 15. 854 16. 465 16. 771 Slightly smaller than Maine, Austria includes much of the mountainous territory of the eastern Alps (about 75 % of the area). The country contains many snowfields, glaciers, and snow capped peaks, the highest being the Grossglockner (12, 530 ft. ; 3, 819 m). The Danube is the principal river. Forests and woodlands cover about 39 % of the land.
Austria has only 1 % permanent crops, and 23 % permanent pastures. As mentioned before, forests cover 39 percent of the land, and scientific management once produced much timber. But, during World War II, the Germans cut down so many trees that timber production was greatly reduced. Austria's forests are an important source of ships supplies such as tar, pitch, turpentine, and gum resin. There has been some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe.
Austria is one of the most important sources of hydroelectric power in Europe. Its total electric power production, from all sources, amounts to more than 18, 440, 000, 000 kilowatt-hours a year. Austria's climate is temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers Austria has a well-developed market economy with a high standard of living. As a member of the European Monetary Union (EMU), Austria's economy is closely integrated with other EU member countries, especially with Germany. Austria's membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market. Through privatization efforts, the 1996 - 98 budget consolidation programs, and austerity measures, Austria brought its total public sector deficit down to 2. 5 % of GDP required by the EUs Maastricht criteria.
Cuts mainly affect the civil service and Austria's generous social system, the two major causes of the government deficit. To meet increased competition from both EU and Central European countries, Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the economy and deregulate the service sector, particularly telecommunications and energy. Agriculture. The agriculture sector in Austria contributes 3. 0 % of the GDP and employs an estimated 0. 7 % of labor, as stated in the GDP/Employment by Sector of Origin table. The key primary food crops produced are barley, maize, potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets and wheat. The primary meat products are pork, beef, chicken, turkey and lamb.
The largest (in value terms) agricultural exports in 1998 were non-alcoholic beverages, chocolate products, beef, pastry and prepared fruit. The total value of agricultural imports in 1998 was $ 4, 560. 8 million. Agriculture/Food: Production of Primary Crops BARLEY 1, 184, 350 1, 065, 188 1, 082, 800 1, 257, 800 1, 211, 600 MAIZE 1, 420, 640 1, 473, 662 1, 735, 568 1, 841, 681 1, 573, 000 POTATOES 593, 720 724, 426 768, 873 676, 872 663, 000 SOYBEANS 104, 946 31, 121 26, 763 33, 000 43, 400 SUGAR BEETS 2, 560, 580 2, 885, 807 3, 131, 307 3, 011, 921 2, 930, 000 WHEAT 1, 255, 120 1, 301, 310 1, 239, 723 1, 352, 281 1, 341, 800 TOTAL PRODUCTION 7, 119, 356 7, 481, 514 7, 985, 034 8, 173, 555 7, 762, 800 GROWTH RATE (% (Millions of 1990 $US) 137, 379 139, 701 142, 467 146, 057 150, 804 (Millions-Mid Year Average) 8. 060 8. 100 8. 130 8. 130 8. 130 (1990 $US Per Capita) 17, 046 17, 244 17, 531 17, 960 18, 541 Austria 32 150, 804 82 8. 130 20 18, 541 Austria is a democratic, federal republic. The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term. With the agreement of the majority of the National Council he appoints the chancellor, who is the head of the government. The president also appoints cabinet ministers, upon the suggestion of the chancellor.
The chancellor and his government are responsible to the National Council, the more important of the two houses of Parliament. The 165 members of the National Council are elected for four-year terms. The upper house, the Federal Council, has 50 members who are chosen by the legislatures of the provinces. A member of the Federal Council remains in office as long as the provincial legislature, which chose him, stays in power. The states send in representatives in proportion to their population. Each province has its own constitution and government.
The legislature elects the provincial governor and members of his government. The provinces are divided into administrative districts, which in turn are divided into communes. The population of Austria is 8, 139, 299, with a population growth rate of 0. 09 %. The age structure is 0 - 14 years: 17 % (male 702, 261; female 666, 310), 15 - 64 years: 68 % (male 2, 792, 484; female 2, 713, 397), 65 years and over: 15 % (male 478, 071; female 786, 776). The birth rate is 9. 62 births/ 1, 000 population. The death rate is 10. 04 deaths/ 1, 000 population.
The sex ratio for the total population is 0. 95 males / females . Austria's life expectancy at birth is 77. 48 years (male 74. 31 years, female 80. 82 years). Austria has an unemployment rate of 7 %, since it enjoyed strong growth with low inflation and low unemployment in 1998. Economic growth accelerated as the upturn in the wider European economy increased exports of goods and services. High levels of investment also boosted growth as both Austrian and foreign-owned firms geared up to meet expected higher demand in Europe and increase penetration into former communist bloc countries to the east.
Unemployment remained under 5 % -- one of the lowest in the EU -- without triggering any upward pressure on inflation. It only rose to 7 % in the year 2000. The population of Austria is German 99. 4 %, Slovene 0. 4 %, and other 0. 2 %. 78 % of Austrians are Roman Catholic, 5 % are Protestant, and 17 % are other. 98 % of Austrians are native German-speakers. The official language of the country is German. Coffee drinking is an important part of Viennese culture. The traditional Viennese coffeehouse has quite a long history, dating back to 1683.
The recipe has been played with for centuries, but for 300 years the Melange has remained the most popular local coffee. (Viennese-style coffee is laced with cream and cinnamon. ) Another tradition is the Austrian Heuriger (wine tavern), which began in 1784. Today, just within the city limits of Vienna, over 800 families produce wine, and there are hundreds of Heurigers. Sports are a way of life for many Austrians, who have long enjoyed what visitors have only figured out in recent years. Their spectacular environment has encouraged one of the most sports-minded societies in Europe. Half the population of eight million people are enthusiastic skiers, and in the summer they love their watersports. The literacy rate in Austria is 99 % because Austrian children are required to attend school from ages 6 to 14.
All children start with the Volksschule. They attend for 4 years. After 4 th grade, students attend a secondary school. Secondary schools come in two basic types: the Hauptschule and the Mittelschule. The Hauptschule offers a 4 -year course to prepare students for vocational schools; Mittelschule's offer an 8 -year course to prepare students for university or higher level technical schools. Students must pass an entrance exam after Volksschule to attend a Mittelschule.
There are four kinds of Mittelschule: 1. Gymnasium, with courses in Latin, Greek and one modern language 2. Real gymnasium, which offers more science, Latin, and one modern language 3. Real schule, which emphasizes science and two modern languages 4. Frauenoberschule, a girls school, where courses include home economics and childcare.
To go on to university, students must pass a final exam at the end of Mittelschule. Austrians life expectancy at birth is, for the total population, 77. 48 years. For males it is 74. 31 years, and for females it is 80. 82 years. The infant mortality rate is 5. 1 deaths/ 1, 000 live births.
Bibliography: CIA World Factbook web about. com web Information Please web country watch. com Encyclopedia Britannica Online student ambassadors. org
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