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Example research essay topic: Amount Of Light Fiber Optics - 1,073 words

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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About dB But Were Afraid to Ask Telecommunications systems used electrical signals and copper wire to transmit voice messages long before lasers, lightwave's and fiber optic cable. To describe and measure power levels in electrical systems, telecommunication engineers used the standard unit of decibels to express gain or loss and relative power levels. Meanwhile, scientists working with fiber optic signals were using units of milli watts (mW) to determine the amount of light traveling down a fiber or the amount of light coupling from one fiber to another (as would be expected with optical radiation). As the telecommunications industry began to use fiber it did not adopt the milli watts terminology.

Just the opposite happened, fiber optics adopted the traditional telecommunications language of decibels or dB. Decibel is defined as a unit used to express relative difference in power, usually between acoustic or electric signals, equal to negative ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels. The main reason dB is used is because it makes power levels more manageable. Thus, it's easier to add up power losses in a system. For example, a system with 4. 0 dB of fiber loss, 2. 5 dB of connector loss, 3. 0 dB of splitter loss and 0. 5 B of splice loss results in a 10 dB system loss or the sum of each component loss. Translating 10 dB into a percentage based upon the formula given earlier results in a signal that is 10 % of the original intensity.

Because dB can be used to describe both gain and loss, it is important to carefully consider the given optical parameter. A decibel expressing loss is a negative unit. However, in the fiber optics industry, it is common practice to omit the negative sign and speak of a 3 dB loss rather than- 3 dB. For example, a back reflection level of - 40 dB and 40 dB are generally taken to mean the same thing (reflected light 0. 01 % or light is reduced by 99. 99 %) and therefore one must keep in mind the overall context when making system calculations. An additional point of confusion is the difference between dB and dBm.

dB is a comparison of a signal to a reference signal without any specified unit of measurement: dBm is used when 1 milli watt is the reference signal level: For example, a value of - 3 dBm means that P is 3 dB (50 %) less than than 1 mW or. 5 mW. Conversion tables for dB to percent and dB to mW are shown below: Glas Solder TM Improves Coupler Performance Gould Fiber Optics has developed a glass solder process (patent pending) for making a glass-to-glass bond between optical fibers and a silica substrate. This bond is much stronger than epoxy and is not susceptible to degradation from humidity. The significance of this packaging improvement is evident in outside plant applications where long term reliability requirements are stringent. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of packaging used by most coupler manufacturers (sans glass solder).

The addition of the glass solder eliminates the epoxy as the primary bonding mechanism and greatly improves performance and long term reliability. Background To explain the Glassoldertm technique, an understanding of the fused bi conical taper (FBT) coupler process and packaging is necessary. The basic FBT process, which is inherently stable with low excess loss, consists of fusing together two adjacent fibers by heating and stretching them until the desired amount of coupling is achieved. The basic packaging approach has been to affix the fused fibers to a silica substrate using an adhesive (epoxy) and then placing the substrate into an enclosure (usually a tube). The tube is sealed with a material which also provides strain relief for the fibers. This packaging technique has provided good stability and reliability.

By properly attaching the fibers to a silica substrate, the differential thermal expansion between the fibers and the substrate is minimized, producing good thermal stability during temperature cycling. The enclosure and booting material further aids the resistance to hot, humid environments. This resistance has been demonstrated over several thousand hours at accelerated conditions (e. g. , 85 oC/ 85 %RH). This bond is much stronger than epoxy and is not susceptible to degradation from humidity. While the damp heat test results have been relatively good, this is also the test where component reliability is affected.

With long-term exposure to humidity, epoxies tend to soften and swell and the bond between fibers and substrate is weakened. This rarely leads to catastrophic failure, but the resulting variations in insertion loss may exceed the performance specification of the splitter. To improve the long-term reliability of our components, Gould has developed the Glassoldertm package which augments the epoxy with a glass solder material forming a true chemical bond with both the optical fiber and the substrate. See figure 1.

Not only does this method provide a bond which is stronger than an epoxy bond and impervious to moisture, but it is also fast and inexpensive for use in a practical, fused coupler manufacturing process. Process Description Glass solders are inorganic compositions that are often used for making strong, insulating and sometimes hermetic joints or seals between different materials such as glass, ceramics and metals. Usually mixtures of silica and other metal oxides, glass solders form strong ionic bonds which are particularly impervious to moisture. To be used in coupler packaging, glass solders must be chemically and physically compatible with silica fibers and substrates.

This means the glass solder must have a surface energy less than that of silica, so that upon the application of heat it softens and sufficiently wets the surfaces. This is essential for obtaining adhesion and bond strength. Additionally, the glass solder should exhibit a thermal coefficient which is similar to silica in order to prevent the formation of cracks. The glass solder is applied in a slurry form. The slurry is comprised of the glass powder, a binder and a carrier or vehicle. The binder, which is eventually burned away when the slurry is heated, provides dimensional stability to the powder after the vehicle has evaporated.

The heat required to soften and fuse the glass solder is applied only where the glass solder has been deposited. This is accomplished by using a C 02 laser operating at a wavelength of 10. 6 mm. Evaluation Tests Specific mechanical...


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Research essay sample on Amount Of Light Fiber Optics

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