Example research essay topic: Ethical Issues Human Organs - 1,094 words

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There is a Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation There is a shortage of organs for clinical transplantation all around the world. Many patients waiting to receive new organs die because we are unable to receive enough organs: there arent enough donors. We are now testing the implantation of other species organs into the human body, that would be a great solution in ending organ shortage. There is a problem though, the human body does not cooperate well with other non-human organs. Rejection is the worst problem we have encountered yet. New researches are helping us understand the mechanisms of transplanting organs without rejection.

Cells or tissues from other species can be very usefull to the human race. They can help cure some very deadly diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes and liver failure. This great technology can also bring disastrous effects to the human races. The transplanted tissue can cary an unknown infection that may not harm that specie in particular but might be deadly to humans.

Also as a worse case scenario, an infection can start a life-threatening pandemic. The transplanting of animal organs, tissues, and cells into human beings is likely to become more common in the future but such transplants raises crucial issues that merit further investigation and discussion There are atleast 50, 000 patients waiting for transplant in the U. S. A but there are less then 5, 000 donors annually. If we can find a way to make our bodies accept organs for other species, we will create a new lifeline. However, xenotransplantation also raises some medical, legal, and ethical issues.

The concern of most doctors is the rejection of the organs from the body and the birth of a new infection or disease. To find out more on these possibilities, we have to monitor all patients who receive organs and all the species who donate the organs but the species will also need screening for pathogens. A possible solution to minimize the risk of infection would be to raise animals in an essentially germ free environment. However, if the animals are accidentally released from the controlled environments, the whole experiment would be ruined.

Successful xenotransplantation would put an end to people on a waiting list. People wouldnt have to wait years to receive an organ and people shouldnt die on a waiting list. Some advocates say that successful xenotransplantation could save thousands of lives because human organs arent keeping up with demand. Back in 1994, a bit over 7, 600 people donated organs but there was 37, 000 people on waiting lists and 50 % of these people waiting to received an organ died before they received their organ.

Advocates also say that some religions may forbid some people in participating to xenotransplantation. It is not in their beliefs. Then there is also animal rights group that would cause problems. They are totally against the use of animals in scientific research. Also what some people are starting to think is that if xenotransplantation works out well, no one would volunteer on donating their organs but why would we still want human donors if we can now implant organs from other species? There are also financial issues as how much the hospital should charge and if the insurance companies should cover this operation.

The food and Drug Administration has already established a broadly constituted advisory committee, including both expert scientists and lay representatives to examine xenotransplantation. However, due to the aspects of public risk associated with xenotransplantation, initial discussions must be focused on the ethical issues There are a couple of things included in the legal issues. First of all there is the Debate on the owner of the animal and the long term affect it will cause the animal. Also if we artificially create an animal, how it will react to the natural world. Then, there will also be some license fees for the use artificially created animals for their organs.

This types of laws are specifically excluded in U. S. A. and in Britain, but since the oncomouse was patented in 1988, there now exist hundreds of laws for transgenic procedures. Doctors are asking themselves if these are new inventions or rearrangements of the genetic code. Should laws of nature, animal, and human life be com modified in this way? (2) We should always put up a caution on the possible long-term genetic problems.

Anything is possible and we have to be very cautious. Any little change in the genetic code of animals is a cause for concern. The recent British experience of the mad cow disease is evidence of this concern. To reduce these risks, we are now using transgenic pigs as donors but there are only a few hospitals will be chosen as a center for xeno transplant surgery. Other hospitals may be tempted to revive the xenotransplantation program by using organs from baboons. It might advance their reputations, reduce the cost to the patient and illuminate the license fees.

The biggest problem doctors are having with the transplant is that a bodys immune system reacts to these strange tissues and organs by destroying them. The two materials (human and animal) are not compatible. If we try implanting a pigs liver in a human body, within minutes itll become a swollen and a body mess. As soon as there is a new organ implanted, our antibodies rap the organ and begin the hyper-acute rejection process. Doctors and scientists find this a great pitty because the structure and size of a pigs organ is a perfect replacement of a human organ. A way that scientist are now using to control this rejection is to distract the antibodies so they dont see the transplanted organ.

One of the test they tried was using extra doses of culpable sugars to mop up antibodies before these antibodies can stick to the xeno graft. They got this idea because they had tried it on a baboon and it retained the transplanted pig hart much longer then if they hadnt received these sugars intravenously. But on a human, the amount of sugar needed to distract the antibodies will be poisonous. Up to this date, every experiment failed either because the organ was rejected or failed to function. In some cases, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent infections, led to infections.

We are unable to prolong human life with transplanted organs. But we are able to treat some other human illness with the use of animals. Pig heart valves are routinely used un cardiac surgery, and insulin from cattle is used to treat diabetes.

Research essay sample on Ethical Issues Human Organs