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Konrad Duke, a German engineer, completes the first general purpose programmable calculator in 1941. He pioneers the use of binary math and boolean logic in electronic Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943. ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer, is developed by the Ballistics Research Laboratory in Maryland to assist in the preparation of firing tables for artillery. It is built at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering and completed in November 1945.
Bell Telephone Laboratories develops the transistor in 1947. UNIVAC, the Universal Automatic Computer, is developed in 1951. It can store 12, 000 digits in random access mercury-delay lines. EDVAC, for Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, is completed under contract for the In 1952 G. W.
Drummer, a radar expert from the British Royal Radar Establishment, proposes that electronic equipment be manufactured as a solid block with no connecting wires. The prototype he builds doesn't work and he receives little support for his research. Texas Instruments and Fairchild semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer. By the mid- 80 s the 360 and its descendents will have generated more than $ 100 billion in revenue for IBM. Texas Instruments and Fairchild semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad on a TX- 2 mainframe at MIT's Lincoln Labs in 1962. It allows him to make engineering drawings with a light pen.
A typical minicomputer costs about $ 20, 000. 1965: An IC that cost $ 1000 in 1959 now costs less than $ 10. Gordon Moore predicts that the number of components in an IC will double every year. This is known as Moore's Doug Engelbart demonstrates in 1968 a word processor, an early hypertext system and a collaborative application: three now common computer applications. Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce found Intel in 1968. Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center - Xerox PARC - in 1969. Its mission is to explore the "architecture of information. " Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256 -bit RAM chip in 1970.
In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1 K RAM chip and the 4004, a 4 -bit microprocessor. Two years later comes the 8008, an 8 -bit microprocessor. Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data in 1971 to sell their computer 1972: Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-level programming language for the Intel Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building and selling "blue boxes" in Southern April 1972: Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8 -bit microprocessor. Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark- 8, "Your Personal Minicomputer, " according to the July, 1974 cover of Radio-Electronics. Popular Electronics features the MITS Altair 8800 on its cover, January 1975.
It is hailed as the first "personal" computer. Thousands of orders for the 8800 rescue MITS from Pictured below: The Homebrew Computer Club in 1975. Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born. 1977: Apple is selling its Apple II for $ 1, 195, including 16 K of RAM but no monitor.
Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet program, Visicalc, by the spring of 1979. It is released in October and is an immediate success. Copies shipped per month rise from 500 to 12, 000 between 1979 and 1981. By 1980 Apple has captured 50 % of the personal computer market.
In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop BASIC for its personal computer project. The IBM PC is released in August, 1981. The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8 -MHz, 32 -bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-in 9 -inch B/W screen.
Microsoft Windows 1. 0 ships in November, 1985. Motorola announces the 68040, a 32 -bit 25 MHz microprocessor. Microsoft's sales for 1989 reach $ 1 billion, the first year to do so. Timesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, is developed at MIT in the late 50 s and early 60 s. 1962: Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed, packet-switching networks. Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973.
In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet. A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979. The first MUD is also developed in 1979, at the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the 1987: the number of network hosts breaks 10, 000. 1989: the number of hosts breaks 100, 000. Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web.
CERN releases the first Web server in 1992: the number of hosts breaks 1, 000, 000. The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341, 634 % in service traffic in its third year, The main U. S. Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994. The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first World's Fair to be held on the internet. WORLD INTERNET CONNECTIVITY (As of 6 / 15 / 95) Daniel S.
Bricklin Current Occupation: President, Garden Software Inc. Education: BS, Electrical Engineering/Computer Science, MIT Major Contributions: Designed Visi Calc, the personal computer's killer application. William H. Gates, III Current Occupation: Chairman/CEO, Microsoft Corp. Education: Two years, Law, Harvard University Major Contributions: Developed BASIC interpreter for first microcomputer with Paul Allen; co-founded Microsoft Corp. , again with Allen. Steven P.
Jobs Current Occupation: Chairman/CEO, Next Computer Inc. Major Contributions: Developed BASIC interpreter for first microcomputer with Paul Allen; co-founded Microsoft Corp. , again with Allen. Steven P. Jobs Current Occupation: Chairman/CEO, Next Computer Inc. Education: Physics/Literature/Poetry, one semester, Reed College Major Contributions: Designed Apple II computer with Steve Wozniak; co-founded Apple Computer with Wozniak; led development of Macintosh computer. H.
Edward Roberts Current Occupation: Medical doctor Major Contributions: Developed and marketed the MITS Altair 8800, the world's first Steve Wozniak Current Occupation: Founder, Union Corp. Major Contributions: Designed and built Apple I computer; co-founded Apple Computer Inc. with Steve Jobs; co-designed Apple II computer with Jobs. Texas Instruments and Fairchild semiconductor both announce the integrated Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad on a TX- 2 mainframe at MIT's Lincoln Labs in 1962. It allows him to make engineering drawings with a light pen.
A typical minicomputer costs about $ 20, 000. 1965: An IC that cost $ 1000 in 1959 now costs less than $ 10. Gordon Moore predicts that the number of components in an IC will double every year. This is known as Moore's Doug Engelbart demonstrates in 1968 a word processor, an early hypertext system and a collaborative application: three now common computer applications. Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce found Intel in 1968. Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center - Xerox PARC - in 1969. Its mission is to explore the "architecture of information. " Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256 -bit RAM chip in 1970.
In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1 K RAM chip and the 4004, a 4 -bit microprocessor. Two years later comes the 8008, an 8 -bit microprocessor. Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data in 1971 to sell their computer 1972: Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-level programming language for the Intel Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building and selling "blue boxes" in Southern April 1972: Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8 -bit microprocessor. Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark- 8, "Your Personal Minicomputer, " according to the July, 1974 cover of Radio-Electronics. Popular Electronics features the MITS Altair 8800 on its cover, January 1975.
It is hailed as the first "personal" computer. Thousands of orders for the 8800 rescue MITS from Pictured below: The Homebrew Computer Club in 1975. Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born. 1977: Apple is selling its Apple II for $ 1, 195, including 16 K of RAM but no monitor.
Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet program, Visicalc, by the spring of 1979. It is released in October and is an immediate success. Copies shipped per month rise from 500 to 12, 000 between 1979 and 1981. By 1980 Apple has captured 50 % of the personal computer market.
In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop BASIC for its personal computer project. The IBM PC is released in August, 1981. The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8 -MHz, 32 -bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-in 9 -inch B/W screen. Microsoft Windows 1. 0 ships in November, 1985. Motorola announces the 68040, a 32 -bit 25 MHz microprocessor.
Microsoft's sales for 1989 reach $ 1 billion, the first year to do so. Timesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, is developed at MIT in the late 50 s and early 60 s. 1962: Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed, packet-switching networks. Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973. In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet. A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979. The first MUD is also developed in 1979, at the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the 1987: the number of network hosts breaks 10, 000. 1989: the number of hosts breaks 100, 000.
Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. CERN releases the first Web server in 1992: the number of hosts breaks 1, 000, 000. The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341, 634 % in service traffic in its third year, The main U. S. Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994. The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first World's Fair to be held on the internet.
WORLD INTERNET CONNECTIVITY (As of 6 / 15 / 95) Daniel S. Bricklin Current Occupation: President, Garden Software Inc. Education: BS, Electrical Engineering/Computer Science, MIT Major Contributions: Designed Visi Calc, the personal computer's killer application. William H.
Gates, III Current Occupation: Chairman/CEO, Microsoft Corp. Education: Two years, Law, Harvard University Major Contributions: Developed BASIC interpreter for first microcomputer with Paul Allen; co-founded Microsoft Corp. , again with Allen. Steven P. Jobs Current Occupation: Chairman/CEO, Next Computer Inc. Bibliography: none
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