NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote
... and resulted g) under the threat of the King appointing new peers, the House of Lords passed the bill in April 1832 5 - The Reform Bill of 1832 a) a very "English" voting system resulted b) you enjoyed the franchise if you resided in a borough and paid L 10 a year in rent c) or resided in the country and paid L 10 for a 60 year lease; or L 50 for a short lease d) if you owned land that could be rented for L 2 a year you voted e) the electorate of 500, 000 was increased to 813, 000 12 % of adult males voted f) seats were redistributed: 56 boroughs were abolished; 30 were diminished; and 143 were given to the new industrial towns 6 - While not truly sweeping, it was considered so by the Whigs a) the pressure valve of a reformable Parliament prevented the danger of a revolution b) social and political changes could be gained without driving conservatives into an untenable position c) hope of future progress 7 - The new industrialists now joined the old rural aristocracy in governing England a) the Whigs and radical industrialists formed the Liberal Party b) 1833 - slavery was abolished in the British Empire c) 1835 - the Municipal Corporations Act modernized the government of British cities 8 - The Tories (Conservatives) "retaliated" by reforming the industries which were the strength of the Liberal Party a) championed workers b) publicized social evils c) Factory Act of 1833 forbade child labor of children less than 9 years of age in textile mills d) in 1842 they regulated the coal mines; forbid the employment of women, girls, and boys under 10 years of age 9 - The Ten Hours Act of 1847 was a great victory for workers a) limited the labor of women and children to 10 hours a day in factories b) soon spread to men 10 - Liberals, aghast at the limiting of laissez-faire economic policies "retaliated" with the 1838 Anti-Corn Law League a) corn laws raised food prices b) industrialists felt that this forced them to pay higher wages to workers c) others said it was needed to protect and encourage English agriculture and maintain a balanced economy d) the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846 under industrialist backed pressure 11 - In England industry had triumphed over agriculture a) England relied for her food supplies upon a world wide economic system b) industrialization accelerated as economic specialization in England increased c) the importance of British sea power was re-affirmed to hold open and control these world wide trade routes that were needed for England's survival on imported foods d) growth of the "free trade" needed by England for her survival B- The Challenge of Labor 1 - The workers felt left out and estranged a) they had a low share of the increase of wealth b) they had forced thru reforms by rebellions or threats of rebellions and the bourgeoisie got all the political benefits c) if reform was impossible destroy the system 2 - Concept of a labor market developed (commodity) a) price of labor was kept down by high population b) high unemployment was an advantage in this system as it would keep down wages 1848 1997 Priority for Capital Needs Priority for Consumer Needs Cheap Food Cheap Food High Unemployment Low Unemployment High Population High Population 3 - There were two ways out: a) reform via unions; they only became legal in England in 1825; and all over Europe were not allowed the right to strike b) repudiate the system and look for something new such as compensation based upon need not production C- Socialism and Chartism 1 - Socialism spread rapidly as a doctrine after 1830 a) in France it joined with revolutionary republicans who wished to use the events of 1793 as a basis for more reforms b) Robespierre's works became popular among workers and intellectuals c) in England it joined with campaigns for parliamentary reform 2 - An English mass movement, the Chartists, was formed in 1838 a) anti-capitalistic b) demanded working class representation in Parliament; an end to property qualifications for office; and salaries for members of the House of Commons c) a "Convention" was held in 1839 with representatives of unions and radical societies in London; a bad name, as it reminded people of the French Revolution, and some members were revolutionaries 3 - The Chartists presented a petition with 1, 000, 000 signatures to Parliament demanding reforms a) the "physical force" Chartists started riots b) in 1842 the petition was re-submitted with 3, 317, 702 signatures out of a population of 19, 000, 000 people c) it was rejected by commons 287 to 49 because they feared reforms would endanger property rights d) Chartism died out, but may have created the atmosphere of reforms being needed e) labor unions concentrated on improving labor conditions with greater success III The Revolutions of 1848 1 - Violence in the streets; international rebellion; even another Napoleon 2 - There were more revolutions than before or since; no one country dominated it as it spread all across Europe a) was it due to an "international revolutionary movement"? - no b) it was just that most people wanted the same things: constitutional government; national states; and an end to serfdom 3 - It was a brilliant flash- then it was gone a) there were far reaching effects; pan-Germans and pan-Slavism grew b) Marxism received careful incentives for growth B- The revolutionaries had many aims: 1 - Hungarians wanted an independent state 2 - Czechs wanted autonomy within the Austrian Empire 3 - Italians and Germans wanted national unification 4 - French wanted political reforms C- There are many views on the events of 1848 among historians 1 - Trevelyan: it was a chance for liberal reforms that was lost 2 - Name: it was the start of the German ultra- nationalism that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the start of nations waging wars to crush other nations 3 - Langer: " 1848 led to grave political and social conflicts; national antagonisms and wars that might otherwise have been avoided. " 4 - Meinecke: the 1848 revolutions were on a comparatively high moral level 5 - More: the revolutions were a socio-economic phenomenon and were a great victory for the middle class IV Paris: The Specter of Social Revolution in the West A- The July 1830 Monarchy did not really solve problems or provide deeply needed reforms 1 - From 1830 on republicanism continued to grow increasingly socialistic tendencies a) although they were only active in Paris, the extreme centralization of France and the role of Paris enabled them to lead and dominate the movement through out the nation 2 - Politics in the Orleanist government was unreal a) basic issues weren't dealt with due to the narrow interests (3 % of the adult male population) represented in the Chamber of Deputies b) even most of the bourgeoisie were unrepresented c) there was widespread graft and corruption d) the revolutionary movement was divided: radicals wanted universal manhood suffrage and a republic; liberals wanted a broadening of the electorate within a constitutional monarchy e) Louis-Philippe opposed any reforms and did not ally himself with the liberals B- The February Revolution in France 1 - A small, single incident precipitated the revolution; reformers planned to hold an anti-king banquet in Paris on February 22, 1848 a) on February 21, the King forbid it and barricades sprang up b) the National Guard refused to fire on the people c) the King promised some electoral forms- but it was too late d) rioting broke out near the house of the King's minister Guizot, and spread through out the city e) on February 24 Louis-Philippe abdicated and fled to England 2 - Armed republicans stormed the Chamber of Deputies a) liberals had hoped to continue the house of Orleans b) the republicans ruled France with a 10 man committee until a constituent assembly could be elected c) 3 of the committee were socialists, and under strong pressure from "red" workers 3 - Louis Blanc, the socialist leader wanted the committee to enact immediate economic and social changes a) the socialist minority in the government couldn't do it b) the compromise worked out was that "National Workshops" would be established c) a plan for a 10 hour work day was rejected d) the issue of a "fair share" 4 - The National Workshops were a form of unemployment relief, not worker-owned factories as Blanc had wanted a) workers were put on national defense projects b) great numbers of unemployed Paris men were in the workshops: March 25, 000; April 66, 000; June 120, 000; plus an additional 50, 000 that were not in the workshops c) there were 200, 000 unemployed men in a city of 1, 000, 000 5 - The Constituent Assembly was elected with universal male suffrage in April and met May 4 a) it selected a 5 man board to run France b) it was anti-socialist and anti-Blanc c) Paris was not France; the middle class and skilled workers resented an income tax that could reach 45 % to support the workshops 6 - It was the City versus the Country- as usual a) Paris was the largest and most revolutionary city in Europe b) the Paris workers were starving under miserable conditions; they thought that they could not wait for slow legal reforms c) by 1848 violent revolution was a tradition in France C- The June Days of 1848 1 - It was the nationally elected Constituent Assembly versus the socialist controlled National Workshops a) workers were concentrated in a few locations and subjected to radical propaganda and plans b) May 15, the workers stormed and tried to destroy the Constituent Assembly; hoping to establish a new government of their own c) the National Guard drove out the workers and restored order d) the Assembly prepared to shut down the Workshops; the workers would either have to join the army or leave Paris 2 - In the bloody June Days of 24 - 26, 1848 the regular army under General Cavaignac crushed the armed workers in stiff street fighting at the barricades; 10, 000 insurgents were killed and another 11, 000 were shipped off to the colonies 3 - The June Days of class warfare terrified Europe a) the radical workers increased their hatred of the bourgeoisie and their capitalistic system, and felt that it only existed by armed force b) the middle and upper class feared being murdered in their beds 4 - In England the February Revolution revived the Chartist movement a) 6, 000, 000 signatures appeared on Chartist petitions b) the Chartists started to arm and prepared to rebel in London c) a Chartist Convention met- would it declare itself a Constituent Assembly? d) the Duke of Wellington (still around) swore in 70, 000 volunteers to defend the realm e) Parliament rejected the petition and the crisis passed with the help of government infiltration of the movement e) a mixed feeling of complacency still existed in England; people still had faith in their institutions D- The Emergence of Louis-Napoleon in France 1 - In France General Cavaignac ruled as a dictator as the Constituent Assembly drafted a republican constitution a) the French desired a strong executive to keep power, and elections with universal male suffrage had the following results: Lamartine- "moralist and idealism"- 18, 000 Cavaignac- a disciplined republic- 1, 500, 000 Learn-Rollin- "social republic"- 370, 000 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte- "?" - 5, 400, 000 won by a landslide 2 - Louis-Napoleon, born in 1808 was the son of Louis, the former King of Holland; in 1832 he resolved to restore his family's position and Empire; his attempted coup d'etats in 1836 at Strasbourg and 1840 at Boulogne failed; he escaped a) considered to be an anti-capitalist friend of the common man- yet he stood for order 3 - Growth of the Napoleonic Legend a) Louis wrote "Napoleonic ideas" b) Frenchmen dreamed of past glories c) Hugo and Thiers glorified Napoleon d) 1836 - The Arch of Triumph was dedicated e) 1840 - Napoleon was buried at Les Invalids f) the name of Bonaparte had a magic effect in France 4 - Thus Louis-Napoleon became president by a great popular mandate a) the Legislative Assembly replaced the Constituent Assembly b) with universal manhood suffrage it produced a 2 / 3 majority for the monarchists, but it was split between Orleanists and Bourbonists (curse of the Royalists) c) the republicans had the remaining 1 / 3 of the seats, but were split between socialists (180 seats) and regular republicans (70 seats) who felt that the main issue should be the reform of government and not society 5 - The President and the Assembly looked to purge republicanism of socialism a) in June of 1849 an abortive socialist insurrection was put down; 32 socialist deputies were expelled from the Assembly, and censorship was imposed b) in 1850 the poorest 1 / 3 of the electorate was disfranchised c) 1850 the Fallout Law placed schools under the control of the Church because they feared that "lay teachers have made the principle of social revolution popular in the most distant villages" d) it was an anti-republic republic! ; in 1850 it sent troops to Rome to destroy Mazzini's republic and restore the Pope to power; they stayed until 1870 6 - Bonaparte was needed by the extreme conservatives a) they looked upon him as a "care-taker" government until the Bourbon-Orleanist dispute could be settled b) Bonaparte turned to the radicals for support to increase his power base; in 1851 he urged the restoration of universal suffrage c) On December 2, 1851 (Austerlitz Day) he carried out his coup, ensuring control of the army and police d) declared universal suffrage and dissolved the Assembly, while 150 were killed in fighting in Paris e) on December 20, 1851 Bonaparte was elected President for 10 years 7, 439, 216 to 646, 737 f) the next year he proclaimed himself Napoleon III 7 - The Second Republic was dead a) it killed itself with its fear of radicalism and self-doubt b) liberalism, constitutionalism and monarchism also died c) France was now ruled by a demagogue and dictator: Napoleon III d) what did France want? even the French did not know V Vienna: The Nationalist Revolution in Central Europe and Italy A- The Austrian Empire in 1848 1 - In 1848 the Habsburg Empire was Europe's second most populous state a) it was made up of many ethnic groups: Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Dalmatians, Rumanians, and Italians b) these people in most places were completely intermixed c) the Germans inhabited all of Austria and parts of Bohemia and Hungary d) the Czechs inhabited Bohemia and Moravia e) the May Bibliography:
Free research essays on topics related to: constituent assembly, years of age, chamber of deputies, louis napoleon, universal male suffrage
Research essay sample on Universal Male Suffrage Chamber Of Deputies
