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Nathaniel Hawthorne was the first American writer to gain international critical recognition as a great master of prose fiction. His works are noted for their psychological probing into human nature. His stories and sketches reveal themes central to Hawthorne s imagination. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. His father died of yellow fever when Nathaniel was only four years old, leaving him with his mom and two sisters in financial need.
Nathaniel s mother had gotten sick, leaving him to take care of his sisters. His mother finally got better and was back on her feet. When they had moved back to their family home, Nathaniel had injured his foot, which made him unable for almost three years. While recovering from his injury, he had developed the love of reading.
Spenser, Bunyan, and Shakespeare were his early favorites. The more he read the more it matured his mind and shaped his future for writing. He was working after school in the family stagecoach office. Pooling the family resources, his uncles and aunts determined to send him to Bowdoin College in Maine. He entered college in March of 1821.
While in his four years of college, he had made friendships that would last a lifetime. Three of his classmates and close friends were Horatio Bridge/ Navy Commander, Franklin Pierce/ fourteenth President of the United States, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow/ a poet. While here in college, he began to write. He started his novel Fanshawe which was a romance and an adventure occurring in a college reminiscent of Bowdoin. When he moved back to Salem, he then began his silent years, where it became very serious for him to write. He would read and read filling his mind with usable history.
He began sending stories to editors at the close of 1829. In selling individual stories and essays to periodicals, Hawthorne found decreasing difficulty. He published at least six contributions in 1830. Eight in 1831, seven in 1834, nineteen in 1835, ten in 1836, ten in 1837, and ten in 1838.
In 1837, his Twice Old Tales appeared with his name on it. He established a pattern in these early years. Hawthorne s symbols were psychological and imprecise. Hawthorne lived in Boston in 1836 for six months and edited many children s books. In 1839, he had gotten secretly engaged to Sophia Peabody. Because of this, he sought for a supplementary and steadier income.
For that reason, he was appointed to the Boston Customhouse in 1839. He asked for a minor position so that he could continue his writing. In 1846, Hawthorne moved back to Salem and took a position in the Customhouse in order to support his family. Success finally came with the publication of three of his greatest novels. One of them to be The Scarlet Letter which had appeared in 1850 and made him famous. It was recognized as the greatest of American novels.
A while later, he moved westward and he and his family settled in The Little Red House near Lenox. While living in Lenox, he wrote his second great novel which was The House of Seven Gables, a sombre study in heredity which was public in 1851. He had stimulated a friendship with Herman Melville which was one of the most fortunate friendships in American literature. Melville wrote his famous epic, Moby Dick, and dedicated it to Hawthorne. Late in the autumn of 1851, Nathaniel, his wife Sophia, his three children (Una, Julian, and Rose) returned to Massachusetts and settled for the winter at West Newton. While settling here, he had written a third great novel, The Blithedale Romance, a study of a socialist community based upon his evidence at Brook Farm.
In 1852, he was generously bestowed to the consulship at Liverpool (Encyclopedia Britannica). From 1853 to 1857, the Hawthorne's had lived in England where Nathaniel was resigning his post at the end of Pierce s administration. Then in 1859, the Hawthorne's returned to England where he wrote The Marble Faun, his last completed novel and his most earnest study of the problem of good and evil. The book was published simultaneously in London and in Boston in the early 1860 s. In June of the same year, the Hawthorne's decided to settle back in America.
They settled at Wayside. They had been gone for almost seven years. Mrs. Hawthorne had noticed upon their trip home that her husband s health was beginning to weaken.
Whatever the reason, Hawthorne s weakness and health was fading rapidly and mysteriously. He was still able to salvage some of the material in his English journals. He had attempted to write more, but his imagination of literature was being less successful. He had dedicated Our Old Home to Franklin Pierce in 1863. In 1864, Franklin Pierce took Hawthorne on a trip to the mountains, but on the way there, at Plymouth, New Hampshire early in the morning, on May 19, 1864,
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