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Language Ethnicity and Language Ethnicity is an important yet highly imprecise concept in contemporary Mexico. Students of Mexican society, as well as Mexicans themselves, identify two broad ethnic groups based on cultural rather than racial differences: mestizos and Indians. Each group has a distinct cultural viewpoint and perceives itself as different from the other. At the same time, however, group allegiances may change, making measurement of ethnic composition problematic at best. Originally racial designators, the terms mestizo and Indian have lost almost all of their previous racial connotation and are now used entirely to designate cultural groups.
Historically, the term mestizo described someone with mixed European and indigenous heritage. Mestizos occupied a middle social stratum between whites and pure-blooded indigenous people (see Soci economic Structures, ch. 1). Whites themselves were divided into criollo (those born in the New World) and peninsular (those born in Spain) subgroups. In contemporary usage, however, the word mestizo refers to anyone who has adopted Mexican Hispanic culture. Seen in this cultural context, both those with a solely European background and those with a mixed European-indigenous background are automatically referred to as mestizos. Mestizo, then, has become a synonym for culturally Mexican, much as ladino is used in many Latin American countries for those who are culturally Hispanic.
Members of indigenous groups also may be called (and may call themselves) mestizos if they have the dominant Hispanic societal cultural values. If an indigenous person can become a mestizo, who, then, is an Indian? Anthropologist Alan Sandstorm lists minimum criteria that compose a definition of Indian ethnicity. According to Sandstorm, an Indian is someone who identifies himself as such; chooses to use an indigenous language in daily speech; remains actively involved in village communal affairs; participates in religious ceremonies rooted in native American traditions; and attempts to achieve a harmony with, rather than control over, the social and natural worlds.
Should one or more criteria become absent over time, the individual probably has begun the transition to becoming a mestizo. Although mestizos and Indians may both reside in rural areas and have relatively comparable levels of income, they maintain different lives. Such differences can lead to highly negative perceptions about each other. Mestizos often contend that Indians are too unmotivated and constrained by tradition to deal appropriately with the demands of modern society. Indians, in turn, frequently complain that mestizos are aggressive, impatient, and disrespectful toward nature.
Given the cultural use of the terms, it would be unrealistic to expect Mexican census officials to count the number of mestizos and Indians based on racial criteria. However, in measuring how many people speak an indigenous language, the census at least serves to identify a minimum number of racially unmixed Indians. In 1990, 7. 5 percent of the Mexican population, or approximately 5. 3 million people five years of age and over, spoke an Indian language. Of that total, approximately 79 percent knew Spanish as well and thus were at least potential cultural converts to the mestizo world. Enormous statewide differences exist in familiarity with indigenous languages (see fig. 6). Roughly speaking, familiarity with indigenous languages increases from north to south.
The latest census showed that almost no native speakers lived in a band of eight contiguous states stretching from Coahuila in the northeast to Jalisco and Colima along the north-central Pacific coast. Speakers of indigenous languages constituted less than 5 percent of the population in states in the far northwest and along a central belt of states from Michoac? n in the west to Tlaxcala in the east. The percentage climbed to between 10 and 20 percent in another contiguous grouping of states from San Luis Potos? to Guerrero, to 26 percent in Oaxaca, to 32 and 39 percent, respectively, in Quintana Roo and Chiapas, and to 44 percent in Yucat? n.
Only 63 percent of users of indigenous languages in Chiapas also knew Spanish. Specialists have identified twelve distinct Mexican linguistic families, more than forty subgroups, and more than ninety individual languages. Nearly 23 percent of all native speakers speak N? hall, the language of the Aztec people and the only indigenous language found in fifteen states. Other major indigenous languages include Maya (spoken by approximately 14 percent of all Indians and primarily used in the southeast from the Yucatan Peninsula to Chiapas); Zapotec (spoken by approximately 7 percent of all Indians and largely used in the eastern part of Oaxaca); Mixtec (also spoken by approximately 7 percent of all Indians and primarily found in Oaxaca and Guerrero); Onto? (spoken by approximately 5 percent of all Indians and used in central Mexico, especially the states of M? mexico, Hidalgo, and Quer?
taro); Tzeltal (spoken by nearly 5 percent of all Indians and used in Chiapas); and Tzotzil (spoken by roughly 4 percent of the Indian population and also used in Chiapas). With twelve different Indian languages, Oaxaca has the nations most diverse linguistic pattern. Census data reveal that Indians remain the most marginalized sector of Mexican society. More than 40 percent of the Indian population fifteen years of age and older was illiterate in 1990, roughly three times the national rate. Thirty percent of Indian children between six and fourteen years of age did not attend school. Indians also had significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates associated with infectious and parasitic illness, higher levels of nutritional deficiencies and less access to such basic services as indoor plumbing, piped water, and electricity.
Linguistic Equivalence and Determinism There are some Mexican Spanish words with no direct translation in English or whose translation has a similar meaning but a different connotation. Here are some examples of linguistic equivalence and determinism of Mexican Spanish, selected for its importance and frequency of use in the Mexican business and social environment: Respect: Although this term is usually translated as respect, and the meaning is similar, it has much more in the Mexican culture. Respect is the way the sub ordinators are expected to treat the boss and is a mix of fear and admiration. It is also expected by the old people and the religious institution and symbols. Respect is one the most important values in the Mexican, more than freedom, intelligence, independence or achievement. Simpatico: The usual translation of this word is nice person or sympathetic, however it means a person whose behavior is adapted to what the society expects of him.
A simpatico guy has enough empathy to show respect and to follow the so different Mexican rules. Ejido A landholding peasant community or the land owned collectively by the members of such a community. An ewido, according to Mexican legislation, is a legal entity of the social interest sector, and its jurisdiction is in the hands of Mexican-born peasants. Its holdings consist of the epical plots, i. e. , individual farming plots, the school plots, the epical urban zones, the houses and annexes to each plot, and any water resources and forest areas associated with the community. Two basic kinds of ejido's exist: the individual ewido, in which land tenure and ownership are legally vested in a community but cropland is allocated by plots (parcels) on a semipermanent basis among the individual ejidatarios (ewido members); and the collective ewido, in which land resources are pooled for collectively organized production.
A majority of ejido's are of the individual kind. Amparo A category of legal actions that guards individual civil rights. Literally, amparo signifies protection, assistance, or human refuge. Familia The concept of family in Mexico refers not also to the nuclear family, but to grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and sometimes to friends, neighbors or associates. In fact, close friends are usually called primo's (cousins) Attention to names and ways of addressing others As in all the Spanish speaking countries the names are configured by the first name and two last names, first the first last name of the father and second last name is the first last name of the mother.
However, is more usual to use only the first last name, but it is not transferred to the wife. Other characteristic of addressing people in Mexico is to call them Licencia do or Ingeniero, though it mean Bachelor and Engineer is a way of show respect to bosses or high class people.
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