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Example research essay topic: Kenya A Paradigm For Sustainable Development - 1,609 words

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... ain sections of the Kenyan population will become increasingly hostile to the presence of foreign tourists. A study of the Caribbean Islands showed that is a positive correlation between tourist density and unfriendliness towards tourists (Jackson, p. 90). In theory, eventually there will be a saturation point where the number of tourists will have a negative impact on the desirability of Kenya as a destination for foreign tourist. Thus, decreasing arrivals and also tourism revenue. It is possible that the recent terrorism attacks against the U.

S. Embassy could mirror the anti-foreign tourist sentiments of some Kenyans. If this is true Kenya has reached the saturation point of the social carrying capacity of tourism. The largest threat to the social carrying capacity is the treatment of the local people by the government. They have been removed from their land, told they couldnt hunt, and instructed to allow wild game living in the parks to range freely over private lands. And until recently they have received little or no compensation.

These disgruntled natives may be motivated to poach animals as means of, what they feel, is just compensation for their losses (Whelan, p. 32). &# 61623; Ecological: The physical limitation of Kenya's game parks poses the largest threat to Kenya's nature tourism. This is because damage to the parks can be permanent or require a long time to reverse. Increasing development of tourism infrastructure along with increasing numbers of Land Rovers and zebra-striped vans are detrimental to the natural environment (Jackson, p. 90). Kenya has lost 43 % of its total wildlife since 1977 (Butler, p. 1). Past practices of the insular ization of Kenya's parks have been detrimental to wildlife breeding patterns and migration routes (Honey, p. 307). Also the continuing poaching, which may or may not be related to tourism, is threatening to decimate animal populations even further.

Recently the worldwide ban on ivory trade has been lifted (Honey, p. 306). This will create a legitimate market for ivory, which may result in increases in poaching. Human damage to the ecological resources of nature tourism is increasingly becoming irreversible. Without severe measures to stop the degradation of the environment Kenya's nature tourism industry will reach a saturation point. At this point tourist revenue will decline and maybe more importantly the intrinsically valuable wild life, and their natural surroundings, will be lost forever. &# 61623; Aesthetic: As the density of tourist inside the game parks continues to rise the attractiveness of Kenya as a tourist destination declines. The crowded atmosphere that is being created takes away from the aesthetic beauty of a pristine environment.

As a result of the loss to the aesthetic beauty of the parks Kenya will not be able to command as high a price as before (Jackson, p. 92). Typically when a nature based tourist attraction becomes overdeveloped the prices decline sharply as the numbers of tourists remain about the same (Jackson, p. 92). Part 4. History and future implications for Ecotourism. A. Definition: Ecotourism has been defined in many ways.

Martha Honey defines ecotourism as: travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (usually) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights (Honey, p. 6). The concept of ecotourism relates to that of sustainable development. Both stress the importance of conserving the resources that are necessary for the survival of future generations. In protected natural areas such as Kenya's national parks ecotourism ensures not only the preservation of the local economy but also the preservation of the local people and their inherent values and culture. For developing countries ecotourism represents a alternative solution to generating much needed foreign currency instead of more traditional destructive alternatives such as natural resource extraction.

Kenya has been a pioneer in ecotourism. It was the first country to adopt ecotourism principles and practices in its national park system. Initially ecotourism was used to give the local people surrounding the parks a stake in the preservation of the natural resources. The Kenyan government hoped that by allowing locals to profit from the parks existence they would be less motivated to poach the wild game in the park.

C. Assessment of Kenya's attempts to create sustainable ecotourism, and suggestions for improvement. A synopsis of the success of ecotourism in Kenya using the Honeys seven characteristics of real ecotourism (Honey p. 22) as a measure: &# 61623; Involves travel to natural destinations. Kenya is Africa's most popular wildlife tourism destination. &# 61623; Minimizes impact.

Kenya has not been successful at minimizing impact. Overcrowding, conflicts between humans and wildlife, and the production of large amounts of waste by lodges has caused protected areas to suffer. &# 61558; Possible solutions: educating tourists about acceptable behavior, and the encouragement of domestic tourism. Kenyan parks could increase the visitor carrying capacities by developing zoning strategies that would help to more equally disperse visitors throughout the parks (Weaver, p. 123). This would cause a more balanced use of the parks and prevent one part of a park from being overused. &# 61623; Builds environmental awareness. Kenya has been moderately successful at implementing this characteristic. Typically the guides are very experienced in the environmental issues of the local area.

The main complaint by Western tourists is that the guides often have poor interpretive skills Honey, p. 333). &# 61558; Possible solutions: better training of employees. &# 61623; Provides direct financial benefits for conservation. Kenya has been moderately successful at implementing this characteristic. However, among the individual parks there are some large discrepancies. Parks such as the Amboseli National Park, and the Maasai Mara Game Reserve have allowed the local communities to take a percentage of the revenue for community development. The rest of the income generated went directly back into the park, instead of to the government. These parks encouraged the use of locally purchased goods in the tourist lodges (Honey, p. 124). &# 61623; Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people: There has been mixed success at attaining this characteristic.

As a whole the Kenya's National Park system has succeeded in distributing the wealth created by the parks. However, the parks are almost exclusively owned by local whites or international corporations (Honey, p. 125). &# 61558; Possible solutions: The government could subsidize the purchase of shares in the parks tourism facilities. &# 61623; Respects local culture: Kenya has failed at achieving this characteristic. They have made all of the decisions based on their priority at saving dollars. This could be partially caused by neo-colonialist ic attitudes that are still present. &# 61558; Possible solutions: Promoting of domestic tourism would allow Kenyans to appreciate the parks. By gaining an appreciation of the parks the Kenyans might feel a sense of control. &# 61623; Supports human rights and democratic movements: There has been a wide discrepancy between the priorities of the locals and the owners.

The owners have ignored pleas for social change and have narrowly focused only on profit (Honey p. 125). Conclusion: Tourism in Kenya has had a turbulent past. Currently Kenya is at a crossroads. The direction that they take the tourism industry in will not only deeply effect the national economy but also effect the survival of one of the last truly untamed natural settings. To ensure survival of the game parks Kenya must develop a viable strategy that is sustainable over a long period of time. One possible solution is the further development of ecotourism.

In theory the promotion of ecotourism will foster positive sustainable growth. In the past Kenya has been only moderately successful at developing genuine ecotourism. For ecotourism, as well as the health of Kenya's parks, to continue to develop the Kenyan government needs to take appropriate actions. Cater, Erlet; Lowman, Gwen, Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? , Wiley Publishers, 1994.

Emery, James Jackson, The Poor Who Comfort the Rich: International Tourism and Economic Development In Kenya, A thesis presented to the division of History and Social Science, Reed College, April, 1978. France, Lesley, The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Tourism, Earthscan Publications Ltd. , 1997. Honey, Martha, Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? , Island Press, 1999. Weaver, D.

B. , Ecotourism in the Less Developed World, CAB International, 1998. Whelan, Tensie, Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment, Island Press, 1991. Butler, Victoria, Unquiet on the Western front, International Wildlife, Nov 1998, p. NA 1. Foottit, Claire, Kenya's bold campaign, African Business, London, Jan 2000, p. 32. Honey, Martha S. , Treading lightly?

Ecotourism's impact on the environment, Environment, Washington, Jun 1999, p. 4. Panos, Ecotourism ethical profits? , African Business, May 1995, p 36. Bibliography: Bibliography I. Books Cater, Erlet; Lowman, Gwen, Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? , Wiley Publishers, 1994. Emery, James Jackson, The Poor Who Comfort the Rich: International Tourism and Economic Development In Kenya, A thesis presented to the division of History and Social Science, Reed College, April, 1978. France, Lesley, The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Tourism, Earthscan Publications Ltd. , 1997.

Honey, Martha, Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? , Island Press, 1999. Weaver, D. B. , Ecotourism in the Less Developed World, CAB International, 1998. Whelan, Tensie, Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment, Island Press, 1991. II. Articles Butler, Victoria, Unquiet on the Western front, International Wildlife, Nov 1998, p.

NA 1. Foottit, Claire, Kenya's bold campaign, African Business, London, Jan 2000, p. 32. Honey, Martha S. , Treading lightly? Ecotourism's impact on the environment, Environment, Washington, Jun 1999, p. 4.

Panos, Ecotourism ethical profits? , African Business, May 1995, p 36.


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