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Example research essay topic: Teenage Parents Teen Mothers - 1,275 words

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... trusted to reward individuals who step outside the normative schedule. This may lead her to center all of her energies on motherhood in an attempt to reap some of the benefits given to women in her same cultural status. According to Keith Scott, author of Teenage Parents and Their Offspring, "among mothers aged thirty-five to fifty-two, those who were fifteen or younger at their first birth have an average of three children more than women who were at least twenty-four when they became mothers" (Scott pg 101). The limited earning ability of a poorly educated single mother with a large family makes poverty a likely outcome, thus making her personal economic problem a public social problem.

Although it is obvious that education and family size is directly effected by early motherhood, but does early motherhood have any direct effect on later participation in the work force and on earnings for young mothers? According to Moore, author of Teenage Motherhood, early motherhood does not have a direct effect on the economic status of women; education, experience, and family size are the most important factors. Moore states, "although there are no direct effects indirect effects of early birth are anticipated" (Moore pg 55). Since early child bearers tend to have more children, early childbearing indirectly effects work experience through its effects on family size. Women who have larger families tend to normally accumulate less work experience over their lifetime due to parenting demands and work experience has a direct effect on ones economic status. According to the ABA Journal a birth lessens the chance that a nonworking woman will start working and increases the likelihood that a working woman will quit (ABA Journal pg 60).

A second indirect effect of an early birth arises from early child bearers' lesser schooling (Goldfarb pg 108). Women with less schooling obtain jobs with lower socioeconomic status. Therefore, entering motherhood early can be said to, indirectly, reduce women's participation in the work force and effect their earnings; therefore allocating their proper place and status in the normative schedule as that of very low social and economic standing. Also indirectly affected by early childbearing are female-headed families on welfare.

Nearly half of all families headed by women are in poverty. (Moore pg 55). Although teenage birth does not appear to be associated with subsequently becoming head of a family, a teenage birth can increase the probability of welfare receipt indirectly in many ways. (Moore pg 58). There is an association between early marriage and marital breakup and since pregnancy usually precedes early marriage, it may be viewed as having an indirect effect. Greater welfare dependency is also evident of this family form. According to statistics compiled by NLS mothers whose first child was born outside of marriage are more likely to receive welfare; this association is stronger among younger women. According to the National Journal, "almost half of unwed teen mothers go on welfare within one year of their baby's birth and these mothers form the majority of people with long-term welfare dependency" (Nat.

Journal pg 1). Moreover, the fewer years of schooling and relatively large families of teenage mothers increase the likelihood of welfare receipt. As a result of operating outside of the normative schedule, teen mothers are indirectly forced by our own federal government to live well below the poverty line established by our society. This idea of economic oppression is expressed in, "The War Against the Poor" an article by Thomas Sugrue. According to Sugrue, "it is impossible to pay monthly rents, utility bills, and basic food, clothing, and other expenses on a meager welfare check (Sugrue pg. 2). Many welfare recipients hold part-time versus full-time jobs to avoid losing their benefits and falling even further into poverty.

Many would see welfare as an institution constructed to keep those, mothers, who operated outside of their normative schedule literally on the outside. To be on the outside in our society is to have limited access to resources and political institutions. Teen mothers on welfare are forced to operate with an unequal distribution of power. The line graph below exhibits the correlation between the direct and indirect effects of an early birth on later socioeconomic outcomes. In all, early child bearers, as a result of deviating from the normative schedule, seem to have more difficulties and endure more unhappiness. As a group they end up less well off than people who delay childbearing and operate within their allowable discourse.

One could also conclude that their children would have had easier lives if their parents followed society's ideology of the family. The critical issues in deterring teen pregnancy seem to be ones of choice, equal opportunity, and the initial welfare of the mothers themselves. Do women really become mothers at an early age out of choice? When implementing strategies to prevent early motherhood one must assess whether teen mothers, prior to their pregnancy, were outside of their society's normative schedule. Do early mothers come from already "non-normal" environments, and does an early pregnancy simply continue the cycle of malnormity? Studies suggest that their are multiple personal and social implications rooted in teen pregnancy.

Social learning theorists have long speculated that teens form their feelings, thoughts, and actions from observing and imitating others whom they perceive as appropriate role models, whether they are adults or peers (Rodriquez pg. 685). As young teens approach the middle adolescent years there is pressure to conform. Teens conform to fit into their surrounding environment; thus, if those around them operate outside of their allotted positions, so to will they. Family relationships also, indirectly, influence early pregnancy. The closer a family fits its society's ideological constructs the less likely its members are to deviate from their normative schedule.

In order to combat teen pregnancy there is a need to plan and implement programs in society that support normative schedules at an early age. This would offer a firm rationale for strengthening communal and family life. A healthy family and social background has the potential to obstruct the cycle of teen pregnancy. Bibliography: Works Cited Anonymous. "Social policy-Sexuality, Poverty, and the Inner City." National Journal. March 25, 1995 (27: 771). Blue, Herbert. "Society as Symbolic Interaction. " In Human Behavior and Social Processes.

Ed. Arnold M. Ross. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. 3 - 27. Campbell, Arthur. "The Role of Family Planning in the Reduction of Poverty. " Journal of Marriage and the Family 30 (1968): 236 - 45. Furstenberg, Frank, Jr.

Unplanned Parenthood. New York: The Free Press, 1976. Goldberg, Stephanie B. "Talking with attorney general Janet Reno. " ABA Journal. January 1993 (79: 46). Goldfarb, Williams. "Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychological deprivation in infancy. " Psychopathology of Childhood.

Ed. A re-evaluation in P. Hock and J. Zubien. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1985. 105 - 19. Moore, Kristin, et al.

Teenage Motherhood. Washington D. C. : The Urban Institute, 1979. National Council On Illegitimacy.

The Double Jeopardy The Triple Crisis. New York: NCI, 1969. Risk, Henry J. "The Baby Trap. " People Weekly. October 24, 1994 (42: 38). Rodriquez, Cleo, Jr. "Perceptions of pregnant / parenting teens. " Adolescence. Fall 1995 (30: 685).

Sugrue, Thomas. "Poor Vision-The War Against the Poor. " Tikkun. September 1995 (10: 87). Scott, Keith, et al. Teenage Parents and Their Offspring. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1981. Thorne, Barrie. "Feminism and the Family: Two Decades of Thought. " Rethinking the Family Some Feminist Questions Ed.

Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yahoo. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992. 3 - 30. United States. U. S.

Congress, Department of Labor, et al. National Longitudinal Study of the Labor Market Experiences of Young Women. Washington: 1990


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Research essay sample on Teenage Parents Teen Mothers

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