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Example research essay topic: Three Dimensional Laser Light - 1,264 words

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Nearly everyone is fascinated by holograms. The often brightly colored three-dimensional images are constantly showing up in more and more places. From the security holograms on CDs and computer software, to hologram artwork, they are becoming ever more popular. But few people realize just how incredible holograms are. The Hungarian-born scientist Dr.

Dennis Gabor first described the principles and technique of holography in 1947 (he received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics for this contribution). Unfortunately, holography requires coherent light, and no suitable source was available at that time. The idea lay dormant until the early 1960 s, when the first laser was produced. Since lasers create coherent light, it was this invention which enabled American scientists Emmet Leith and Juris Upatnieks to produce the first three-dimensional holograms. The process by which holograms are made is actually fairly simple, although it is very sensitive. Holograms are made by shining laser light at a half-silvered mirror to split the beam.

One beam, called the reference beam, is reflected off of a mirror and through a lens or series of lenses to spread the beam, then directly at the photographic film. The other beam, called the object beam, is passed through lenses to spread the beam, then reflected at the object the hologram is being made from. Thelight from this beam then scatters onto the film. Since the two object beam is reflected at different points and angles from the object, the two beams are no longer identical when they reach the film. Because of this, they interfere when they meet up with each other again, and this interference pattern is what the photographic film records.

Within this pattern, also called a fringe pattern, all of the information about the object beam is recorded. Information about the amplitude of the wave is contained in the changing depth of the interference fringes, while information about the phase is preserved in the variations of the position of the fringes. This method produces a type of hologram called a transmission hologram, which can only be viewed by illuminating the hologram with laser light of the same wavelength as the original beam. When the developed film is illuminated, the light beams transmitted are identical to those reflected from the object, and a viewer standing on the other side of the film sees a three dimensional projection of the object.

Reflection holograms, which are viewed from the same side as the illuminating light, are made by bringing the object beaming reference beam together from different sides of the film. Reflection holograms are more commonly used for most purposes because they can be viewed in white light. When a white light beam is shined at a reflection hologram from the same directions the original reference beam, most of the light is diffracted backwards. Only a narrow range of wavelengths similar to the original are reflected back to the viewer. Holograms truly do contain all of the information necessary to create an exact, three-dimensional image of the photographed object. This fact is proven by many of their properties.

For example, holograms show parallax. This means that an observer can see different parts of the image by changing his viewpoint it is possible to move around a holographic image and view different sides, as well as to block out parts of a hologram from view with other parts. Holographic images also have depth. A viewer s eye (or camera) must be refocused to view parts of the image that appear to be a different distance away. One example that shows how completely a hologram acts like the real object is a hologram that includes a lens. When a hologram is made of a lens, the holographic lens behaves just like a real one.

Fo example, if a hologram is made of a magnifying glass in front of another object, the holographic magnifying glass will not only magnify the image of the other object, but the part of the image being magnified will change as the observer moves. Another property which is unique to holograms is that, due to the way the light is scattered all over the film from the object, all parts of the hologram contain information about the whole object. Due to this property, if a hologram is cut in half, both halves will work as holograms for the complete object, though they will each show a slightly more limited viewpoint of the object than the original did (because the light from, for example, the very top of the object probably could not reach the very bottom of the film). Every slight variation in the interference pattern on the film impacts how a hologram looks, so a holographic must be very precise in order to create a working hologram. All components for the hologram s creation must be placed on a special stationary table, and the room must be completely silent and at a constant temperature. The room must also be completely dark.

This is because any vibrations with amplitudes as small as 1 / 4 the wavelength of the light used can be enough to move the interference pattern in the film and wash out the image, and any excess light will register on the film, also washing out the image. There are many possible applications for holography in such varied fields as construction, security, art, and advertising. One of the must common uses of holography tin industry is called interferometry. In this process, a hologram is made of an object such as a tire or construction beam, then another is made of the same object under stress. The two holograms are then superimposed on one another, and any minute changes the object undergoes show up as dark bands. In this manner, any stress points and / or flaws of an object can be found without ruining the object.

A nearly identical process can can also be used to determine differences between a master object and copies made of it. Another possible application of holography is in the field of microscopy. Pulsed lasers can be used to freeze the motion a moving object while a hologram is being taken of it, and then studies can be done on the holographic image rather than the original object. This could be particularly useful in biological fields where studies must be made of communities of microscopic organisms (especially counts or studies of what-lives-where). Holography can also be used in computer data storage. Binary code can be recorded holographically as light and dark spots on film, then read by special drives.

This method would allow for very compact data storage, especially if this information can be layered, with multiple holograms recorded on top of each other, each at a different angle. Another benefit to this methods storage is that it would reduce the risks of data loss, since each part of the image stores information for all of it. Holograms are also used for security purposes, because they can be made so that they are very difficult to counterfeit, if not impossible. Other uses include preservation of precious artifacts (holograms are made of the artifacts, then the artifacts can bestowed safely while the holograms are displayed), advertising, and art.

One of the reasons holographic art and advertising are so popular is that the whole idea of such a clear three-dimensional image of an object that isn t actually there is nearly incomprehensible to the human mind. Holograms have been amazing people since the sixties, and will continue to do so forbears to come, even if their use continues to spread at such a rapid rate.


Free research essays on topics related to: white light, laser light, three dimensional, data storage, holograms

Research essay sample on Three Dimensional Laser Light

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