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Example research essay topic: Female Genital Mutilation Coming Of Age - 1,415 words

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FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION I. Introduction A. Infibulation B. Procedure II.

Unsanitary Tools A. Fatalities B. Hospitals III. Risks A.

Effects B. Fetus IIII. Reasoning A. Custom B. Uncleanliness C.

Beliefs V. View of Clitoris A. Dangerous B. Sigmund Freud C. Immigrants VI. Senegal A.

Crime B. Hilary Clinton C. Prison VII. Educational Aspects A.

Law imposed B. Male circumcision VIII. Female Genital Mutilation A. Beliefs B. Comparison VIIII. Infant Male Circumcision A.

Beliefs B. Comparison X. Ntanira Na Mugambo A. Aspects B.

Coming of age C. Origination D. Research XI. Elimination of Mutilation A. Education B. Community celebrates C.

Bah-mitzvah XII. Conclusion A. Painful past B. Freedom FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION More than eight million women and girls are at risk for having their genitals mutilated. In other countries around the world, women and children go through this gruesome procedure.

It is called infibulation, which consists of cutting out the clitoris and labia. After the procedure, the vagina is secured with thorns and sewn with catgut or thread. A small opening remains for passage of urine and menstrual blood. On their wedding night, infibulated women must be cut open for intercourse and closed again to ensure fidelity to the husband. Now, more humane ways of honoring a female s menarche are being practiced, but completely eliminating this procedure is a constant uphill struggle.

Unfortunately, the midwives or gypsies that perform female genital mutilation use unclean sharp instruments such as razor blades, scissors, knives, and glass. These instruments may be used for multiple procedures and are very rarely clean. The HIV virus is commonly transmitted through the use of the dirty tools. Many of the fatalities result from blood poisoning (infection), shock, or uncontrollable bleeding.

In Egypt, practitioners tried to decrease the fatalities by training doctors and nurses in hospitals. Although, this may seem as if it is humane, more tissue is taken away because of the use of anesthesia and a patient that is struggling. Beyond the pain of the operation, there are physiological, sexual, and psychological effects due to the procedure. Many of these include sexual frigidity, genital malformation, delayed menarche, chronic pelvic complications, urinary retention, and infection. A fetus can also experience problems fitting through the birth canal or it can become infected with a disease. In cases like these, an infibulated mother must undergo another operation where she is opened further to ease the birth of her child.

Many times these stories do not have a happy, healthy ending. When girls are age three or more, the female genital mutilating procedure takes place. Sometimes, the age varies due to the customs of that local village or region. Many cultures try to justify these practices by believing that a girl who is uncircumcised is considered unclean. If a female is considered unclean, she is then marked unmarriageable. The men believe that if a female clitoris touches his penis, he is in great danger and it may result in death.

Family honor, cleanliness, protection against spells, insurance of virginity, and faithfulness to the husband, or simply terrorizing women out of sex, are sometimes used as excuses for the practicer of female genital mutilation (fm genital. network). Realistic, people believe that female genital mutilation is a barbaric practice performed on females. Although up until a few decades ago, the clitoris was viewed as a dangerous part of the female anatomy. Sigmund Freud stated, The elimination of clitoral sexuality is a necessary precondition for the development of feminist. Times are changing rapidly and peoples views are beginning to change.

This procedure has entered the United States by immigrants still holding on to the customs of their culture. At the beginning of this year, the United States could not do anything about these cases. Recently, Senegal became the latest country to make this practice a crime. It is estimated that more than a million Senegalese will go to jail. Hilary Clinton stated Now this voluntary change this great movement, has been stalled by resistance to changing the custom under force of the law, which sets prison terms of six months to five years for anyone practicing female circumcision or influencing others to do so. It is predicted that most Senegalese that still perform the procedure, expect to defy the ban.

Many foreigners feel overwhelmed by this law being imposed on them. This is causing them not to hear the educational aspects supporting this ban, such as health concerns, and the dangers of an unsanitary, and damaging procedure. Americans believe that this law is now causing them not to hear the pleas to stop the mutilation. Change is believed to come through education; not enforcing laws.

The problem of male circumcision is a drawback for the law. Much is being said about the similarities between female genital mutilation and infant male circumcision. The people of Africa see this as being a common aspect of both cultures. The Africans believe that female genital mutilation is a helpful procedure because the mother s milk can become poisonous, or the baby will be born with excess cranial fluid. Plus, it is just a little piece of the clitoris and taking this off preserves the beauty and leaves the vagina fresh smelling. It is important to be infibulated to be considered clean so you are marrying material.

Sex is much more pleasing for the male the tighter you are sewn. These are the beliefs leading to the practice of female genital mutilation. The beliefs of most Americans regarding infant male circumcision, are similar to the beliefs of Africans. Americans feel that it is only a little piece of skin and the baby does not feel any pain because his nervous system is not fully developed. In addition to the uncircumcised penis being a real turnoff, men have an obligation to give up their foreskin because it could spread disease or cause cervical cancer in women.

It is also believed that an uncircumcised penis is dirty, and only the lowest class of people with no concept of hygiene leaves their child this way. This often causes a conflict when Americans try to intrude on their practice of female genital mutilation because of the similarities. Luckily, there is a new approach on how to deal with the problem of mutilation. It is called Ntanira Na Mugambo or cicumscisonion through words. It consists of a week-long program of counseling, training, provision of information to young women, and ending with the coming of age day. During this time, members of the community gather for a celebration with music, dances, and feasting as an alternative to their genital sacrifice.

Ntanira Na Mugambo came from the uniting of Kenyan Maenaeleo Ya Wanawake Organization and the Program for Appropriate Technology of Health (PATH). PATH is an international non-profit organization who helps improve the health of women and children. They came to the conclusion of this new approach after years of research on genital mutilation. They studied the cultural norms and expectations leading to this practice. Fortunately, the genital mutilation is completely eliminated with this new process. One of its aspects consists of a week of seclusion, where the girls are taught basic anatomy and physiology, sexual and reproductive health, hygiene, gender issues, respect for adults, development of self-esteem, and dealing with peer pressure.

On the final day of celebration, the girls are recognized by receiving a certificate, presents, and become the center of attention in the community. This ceremony is very similar to that of the Jewish Bah-Mitzvah. These alternative ways to celebrate the menarche have been successful in spreading to many areas of the world that practice female genital mutilation. Someday, in a perfect world, women will not have to worry about feeling ashamed. The pain that millions of women have endured in the past, and the still are in the present, is heart wrenching. This is something that needs to be brought to the attention of more individuals.

The more that understand this procedure and the tantalizing aspects will help create educated individuals who can help in the fight to eliminate these procedures. Making laws has yet to create an impact on the fight for freedom of women so education should be the next step. Bibliography: 1. Cesar, Chelala Lancet, 7 / 11 / 98, Vol. 352 Issue 9122, pg. 126 An Alternative Way To Stop FGM 2. Hecht, David Christian Science Monitor, 2 / 4 / 99, Vol. 91 Issue 48; pl. When a Law Sweeps In, Transition Lashes Back 3.

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Free research essays on topics related to: sigmund freud, women and children, female genital mutilation, coming of age, male circumcision

Research essay sample on Female Genital Mutilation Coming Of Age

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